1、 silver Au: gold2化合物的命名 化合物的命名顺序都是根据化学式从左往右读,这与中文读法顺序是相反的。表示原子个数时使用前缀 (1)mono-,(2)di -,(3)tri- ,(4)tetra ,(5)penta- (6)hexa-,(7)hepta-, (8)octa-,(9)nona-,(10)deca-,但是在不会引起歧义时,这些前缀都尽可能被省去。Naming metal ions (cations) for metal oxides, bases and salts. Single valence ions Cations name = Elementfor exam
2、ple: Na+ Sodium Al3+ Aluminum K+ Potassium Ca2+ Calcium.Multivalence ionsCations name = Element(N)For example: Fe2+ Iron(II) or Ferrous Fe3+ Iron(III) or Ferric Cr2+ Chromium(II) Cr3+ Chromium(III) Mn4+ Manganese(IV) Mn2+ Manganese(II)对于有变价的金属元素,除了可用前缀来表示以外,更 多采用罗马数字来表示金属的氧化态,或用后缀-ous表示低价,-ic表示高价。如
3、FeO: iron(II) oxide 或 ferrous oxide Fe2O3: iron (III) oxide或ferric oxide Cu2O: copper(I) oxide 或cuprous oxide CuO: copper(II) oxide或cupric oxideNaming nonmetal ions (anions). Monatomic anions Anions name = Elements root -ide For example: Cl- Chloride O2- Oxide Br- Bromide OH- Hydroxide I- Iodide CN-
4、 Cyanide S2- Sulfide H- Hydride . Polyatomic oxyanions a. Acid radicals for normal salt (正酸根 -ate ) Anions name = Central Elements root -ate for example: ClO3- Chlorate IO3- Iodate PO43- Phosphate NO3- Nitrate SO42- Sulfate CO32- Carbonate b. Acid radicals for meta-salts (亚酸根 -ite )Anions name = Cen
5、tral elements root -ite ClO2- Chlorite IO2- Iodite PO33- Phosphite NO2- Nitrite SO32- Sulfite c. Acid radicals for hypo-salts (次酸根 -ite )Anions name = Hypo- Central elements root -ite ClO- Hypochlorite IO- Hypoiodite PO23- Hypophosphite d. Acid radicals for persalts (高酸根Per -ate )Anions name =Per-ce
6、ntral Elements root -ate ClO4- Perchlorate IO4- Periodate MnO4- Permanganate Naming compounds. Metal oxide Metal oxide = Cation + oxide FeO Iron(II) oxide (Ferrous oxide) Fe2O3 Iron(III) oxide (Ferric oxide) Fe3O4 Ferroferric oxide Pb3O4 Trilead tetroxide Na2O2 Sodium peroxide. Nonmetal oxideNonmeta
7、l oxide = n-Nonmetal element + n-oxide for example: CO Carbon monoxide CO2 Carbon dioxide SO3 Sulfur trioxide N2O3 Dinitrogen trioxide P2O5 Diphosphorus pentoxide N2O4 Dinitrogen tetroxide (tetra-,mono-后缀中的a,o在后一o之前省去)有些物质常用俗称,如NO: nitric oxide N2O: nitrous oxide非金属氢化物 除了水和氨气使用俗称water,ammonia以外,其它的非
8、金属氢化物都用系统名称,命名规则根据化学式的写法不同而有所不同。 a.对于卤族和氧族氢化物,在化学式中写在前面,因此将其看成与另一元素的二元化合物。 举例: HF hydrogen fluoride HCl hydrogen chloride HBr hydrogen bromide HI hydrogen iodide H2S hydrogen sulfide H2Se hydrogen selenide H2Te hydrogen telluride b对于其它族的非金属氢化物,在化学式中写在后面,可加后缀-ane,氮族还可加-ine PH3: phosphine或phosphane As
9、H3: arsine或arsane SbH3: stibine或stibane BiH3: bismuthane CH4: methane SiH4: silane B2H6: diborane. Acidsa. Per-, hydro-,normal acid (its salt-ate,-ide)Acid = Central elements root -ic + acid H2CO3 Carbonic acid H2SO4 Sulfuric acid H3PO4 Phosphoric acid HNO3 Nitric acid HClO4 Perchloric acid HCl Hydr
10、ochloric acidb Meta- and hypo-acid ( its salt-ite)Acid = Central elements root -ous + acid H2SO3 Sulfurous acid H3PO3 Phosphorous acid HNO2 Nitrous acid HClO Hypochlorous acid HClO2 Chlorous acid含氧酸与含氧酸根阴离子 采用前后缀的不同组合显示不同价态的含氧酸和含氧酸根阴离子,价态相同的含氧酸及含氧酸根阴离子具有相同的前缀,不同的后缀。高某酸 per-ic 正酸 ic 亚酸 -ous 次酸 hypo-o
11、us高某酸根 per-ate 正酸根 ate 亚酸根 -ite 次酸根hypo-ite其它的前缀还有 ortho-正 meta- 偏 thio-硫代举例: HClO4 perchloric acid ClO4- perchlorate ion HClO3 chloric acid ClO3- chlorate ionHClO2 chlorous acid ClO2- chlorite ionHClO hypochlorous acid ClO- hypochlorite ionH2SO4 sulfuric acid H2SO3 sulfurous acidHNO3 nitric acid HN
12、O2 nitrous acidHPO3 metaphosphoric acid S2O32- thiosulfate ionH2SO4 sulfuric acid HCl hydrogen chloride or hydrochloric acidHNO3 nitric acidHNO2 nitrous acidHCN hydrogen cyanide or hydrocyanic acid Na2S sodium sulfideCuSO4 copper (II) sulfate or cupric sulfateFe(NO3)3 iron (III) nitrate or ferric ni
13、trateHClO4 perchloric acidb无氧酸命名规则:hydro-词根-icacid 举例: HCl: hydrochloric acid H2S : hydrosulfuric acid. Bases Base = Metal cation + hydroxide Al(OH)3 Aluminum hydroxide NaOH Sodium hydroxide Ca(OH)2 Calcium hydroxide Ba(OH)2 Barium hydroxide Co(OH)2 Cobalt(II) hydroxide.盐(Salts)a. 正盐(Normal salt) :根
14、据化学式从左往右分别读出阳离子和阴离子的名称。 Normal salt = Cation + anion HgSO4 Mercury(II) sulfate Hg2SO4 Mercury(I) sulfate KNO3 Potassium nitrate Na2CO3 Sodium carbonate NaClO Sodium hypochlorite FeSO4 iron(II) sulfate KMnO4 potassium permanganateb 酸式盐:(Acidic salts)同正盐的读法,酸根中的读做hydrogen,氢原子的个数用前缀表示。 Acidic salt = Ca
15、tion + hydrogen + anion NaHSO4 Sodium hydrogen sulfate Na2HPO4 Disodium hydrogen phosphate NaH2PO4 Sodium dihydrogen phosphate Ca(HSO4)2 Calcium bisulfate NaHCO3 Sodium hydrogencarbonate或 Sodium bicarbonate c Basic saltsBasic salt = Cation + hydroxy-anion Cu2(OH)2CO3 Dicopper(II) dihydroxycarbonateC
16、a(OH)Cl Calcium hydroxychloride Mg(OH)PO4 Magnesium hydroxyphosphated.复盐(Mixed salts):同正盐的读法。Mixed salt = Cation + cation + anion NaKSO3 Sodium potassium sulfiteCaNH4PO4 Calcium ammonium phosphateAgLiCO3 Silver lithium carbonate NaNH4SO4 Sodium ammonium sulfateKNaCO3: potassuim sodium carbonateNaNH4
17、HPO4: sodium ammonium hydrogenphosphatee水合盐:结晶水读做water或hydrate如 AlCl36H2O: aluminum chloride 6-water 或 aluminum chloride hexahydrate AlK (SO4)212H2O: aluminium potassium sulfate 12-water 有机物的命名1 烷烃(alkanes)直链烷烃 烃类化合物的命名是有机命名的基础。英文名称除了含1到4个碳原子以外,其余均用希腊文和拉丁文的数词加上相应的词尾(-ane)来命名,10个碳原子以上的则在数词前加前缀un、do、t
18、ri、tetra、penta等。 Alkane = Number prefix-aneCH4 Methane CH3CH2CH3 Propane CH3CH3 Ethane CH3(CH2)2CH3 ButaneCH3(CH2)3CH3 Pentane CH3(CH2)4CH3 HexaneCH3(CH2)5CH3 Heptane CH3(CH2)6CH3 OctaneCH3(CH2)7CH3 Nonane CH3(CH2)8CH3 Decane 含支链烷烃和烷基 命名含支链的烷烃时,可把它们视为直链烷烃,但分別是某些氢(hydrogen)原子被称为烷基(alkyl groups)的原子取代。
19、命名烷基时,只需把“基”(-yl)字加在相应的烷烃的字首后。 Radical = Alk -yl CH3- Methyl CH3CH2- Ethyl CH3CH2CH2- Propyl CH3(CH2)2CH2- ButylPolyside chain hydrocarbonButylEthylIsopropylMethylPropyl2 烯烃和炔烃(alkenes and alkynes) 烯烃和炔烃命名时将相应的烷烃的词尾“烷”(ane)改为“烯”(ene)或“炔”(yne),名称前加上不饱和键的编号即可。当所带的双键或叁键不止一个时,可在前边加上di、tri、tetra等数字来表示。有些
20、简单的烯炔类化合物可用普通名称。例如: CH2=CH2 Ethene CH2=CHCH2CH2CH3 1-Pentene Ethyne3 醇(alcohols) 选含羟基的最长碳链为主链,按主链烃基的碳原子数目称为某醇,英文名称是将烃基名城的词尾“e”去掉,加上“ol”。编号时从与羟基相连的碳原子开始依次向另一端编。芳醇可作为侧链醇的芳环取代物命名,此方法是主要方法。 System: Alcohol = Alkan-ol for example:4 醚类(ethers)醚的命名:根基官能团命名法 分子中两个烃基后加上“醚”(ether)即可,两个烃基相同时加“di”,若为两个复合基且相同,则加
21、数词“bis”。Ether = R+R+ether CH3OCH2CH3 Ethyl methyl ether (CH3)2CHOCH3 Isopropyl methyl ether CH3CH2OCH2CH3 diethyl ether 5 醛(aldehydes)醛的英文命名是把相应烃名的词尾“e”改为“al”。编号时将醛基的碳原子定为1号,依次向后排,含两个醛基的以两醛基间的碳链为主链,在烃名词尾“e”后加“dial”,环上直接连有二个醛基时,可在环系名后接“dicarbaldehyde”。Acyclic aldehydesAldehyde = Alkan -al6 酮(ketones)
22、 酮的普通命名法是当R1COR2式中R1和R2相同时,在R1的烃名前加“二”(di),后面放一“酮”(ketone)字;R1和R2不同时,将两者作为取代基按字母顺序排列,后面再加上“酮”(ketone)字,系统命名中,是将羰基中的碳原子作为链或者环系中的一员,将相应的烃名或环系后的词尾“e”改为“one”。编号时使羰基上的碳原子编号尽可能小。System name Ketone = Alkan -one7 羧酸及其衍生物链状一元羧酸是在主链烃名后加一“酸”字,英文名称是将烃名后的“e”改为“-oic acid”,选择主链时,应为1)包括羧基的最长链,2)有不饱和键时选择含羧基和不饱和键的最长链
23、。-(C)OOH (The main chain involves carboxylic carbon) Carboxylic acid = Alkan-oic acid盐 羧酸盐命名时在酸名后加上金属名即可,英文名称是把酸名的词尾“-ic acid”改为“-ate”,前面加上金属名。 或二元酸只有一个羧基成盐,命名时在酸和金属名之间加“氢”(hydrogen)字,多元酸的命名与酸相同,Carboxylic saltsCarboxylic salt = Metal + Alkan-oate or Metal + Alkane-carboxylate8酯酯的命名和盐类似,把盐中的金属名改为酯基中
24、的烃名即可,多元酸酯基不同时,名称按字序排列。EstersEster = Alkyl + carboxylate (alkanoate)9 酸酐酸酐的英文名为“anhydride”,单酐命名时可在原酸名后加“酐”(anhydride)字,混酐英文命名时将酸名按字顺排列,后再加“酐”字。AnhydridesAnhydride = Carboxylic + anhydride 10. AmineAliphatic amineAmine = Alkyl + amine一些作词头的常见官能团Characteristic groupprefix-Brbromo-IO2iodyl-Clchloro-I(O
25、H)2dihydroxyiodo-ClOchlorosyl-N2diazo-ClO2chloryl-N3azido-ClO3perchloryl-NOnitroso-Ffluoro-NO2nitro-Iiodo-ORR-oxy-IOiodosyl-SRR-thio主要官能团作词头和词尾时的应用名称ClassFormulaPrefixSuffixcarboxylic-COOHcarboxy-carboxylic acidacid-(C)OOH-oic acidsulfonic acid-SO3Hsulfo-sulfonic acidsalts-COOM-(C)OOM-metalcarboxyla
26、temetaloateesters-COOR-(C)OORR-oxycarbonylR-carboxylateacid halides-CO-halogen-(C)O-halideHaloformyl-carbonyl halide-oyl halideamides-CO-NH2-(C)O-NH2Carbamoyl-carboxamide-amideamidinenes-C(=NH)-NH2-(C)(=NH)-NH2Amidino-carboxamidine-amidinenitriles-C=N-(C)=NCyano-carbonitrile-nitrilealdehydes-CHO-(C)HOform
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