1、他们叫他詹姆斯。这类句子的谓语动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语,才能使句子的意思表达完整。宾语补足语的作用是说明宾语的动作或者状态,宾语和它的补足语共同构成复合宾语。宾语补足语可以由名词、动词不定式、形容词、副词和介词短语充当。注意:在使役动词make.let.have等引起的复合宾语中,若宾语补足语是动词不定式,则需要省去不定式的符号to.6.There be句型There are some apples in the bowl.碗里有许多苹果。There be 是英语中很常用的句型, 意思是“有”,表示“人或事物的存在”,这种类型的句
2、子还可以称为存现句。There在此结构中是引导词,已经没有副词“这里”的含义。There be 后面的名词是句子的主语,属于倒装结构。疑问句形式是将be或will/have/can/must等助动词、情态动词提至there之前,否定形式则直接在be或助动词、情态动词后加not,因此要表达“某个地方或某个时间存在什么事物或人”的时候常用“There be + 名词+ 地点(时间)这一句型。二、复句复句主要有三种类型:分别是名词性从句、定语从句、状语从句。1.名词性从句:名词性从句可以分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句四种。1)主语从句:当一个句子在复合句中充当一个主语,那么这个句子就是
3、主语从句。A.主语从句有两种存在方式,一种是常规性的主语从句,此时句子在复合句中充当一个主语;Who will be our monitor hasnt been decided yet.我们还没有决定要谁来担任我们的班长。这类句子中一个句子担任整个句子的主语,引导主语从句连词有that,whether,who,what,whatever等,连词位于句首并且不能省略,大多数情况下视为三单,但也有例外。What we need are good doctors.我们需要医术水平较高的医生。B.另一种是主语搁置句末,句前用形式主语代替,真正的主语处于句末。常见形式:It is +名词、形容词、过去
4、分词、不及物动词+that从句It is certain that he will win the match.他赢得比赛是毫无疑问的。在这类句子中,以that 引出的主语从句,常常以形式主语it引导,在有些that从句中要用虚拟语气(should+do/should+have done)。如:It is important that we all should attend the meeting.非常重要的是我们都需要出席会议。2)宾语从句:在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。A.动词的宾语从句大多数动词都可以带宾语从句。We all expect that they will win,
5、 for members of their team are stronger.我们都预料他们会赢,因为他们的队员更强壮.常见的动词短语也可以带宾语从句:make sure , make up ones mind,keep in mind等等。Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.在你交卷之前,记得确认你的试卷没有错误。B.介词的宾语从句We are talking about whether we admit students into our club.我们正在讨论是否让学生加
6、入我们的俱乐部.I know nothing about my new neighbor except that he used to work with a company.对于我的新邻居我只知道他曾在一家公司上班,其他一无所知.C.形容词的宾语从句常用来引导宾语从句的形容词有: sure,certain,glad,please,happy,sorry等。I am sure I will pass the exam.我确信我会通过考试.宾语从句不可以省略引导词that的几种情况:A.当that作learn,suggest,explain,agree,wonder,prove,mean,sta
7、te,feel,hold等动词的宾语时;B.当宾语从句较长时;C.当主语状语置于主句尾,宾语从句之前时;D.当主语谓语动词(包括非谓语动词)与宾语从句之间有插入语时;E.当一个动词带有两个或两个以上宾语从句时,此时第一个that可以省略,第二个that不可以省略;F.当宾语从句中的主语是this,that或this,that做主语的定语时;G.当宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时;H.当宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时;I.当主语中的谓语动词是固定词组时;J.当宾语从句有it做其先行词时;K.在直接引语中,转述分句把宾语从句隔开时.3)表语从句:主语+ 连系动词+ 关联词+ 表语从句就是用一
8、个句子作为表语,说明主语是什么或者怎么样,由名词、形容词或相当于名词或形容词的词或短语充当,和连系动词一起构成谓语。The problem is when we can get a pay rise.问题是什么时候我们可以得到加薪。A.表语从句一定要用陈述语序。B.if不能引导表语从句,只能用whether 来引导。C.不像宾语从句,在有表语从句的复合句中,主句时态和从句时态可以不一致。The question is who will travel with me to Beijing tomorrow.谁将和我一起去北京市一个问题。The question is why he cried y
9、esterday.问题是他昨天为什么哭了。D.that在表语从句中不可以省掉。表语从句只能置于主句之后,而主句的动词只能是连系动词.4)同位语从句:在复合句中充当同位语的名词性从句称为同位语从句。从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容,它的作用相当于名词,对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释,相当于一个表语从句,它们之间的关系是同位关系。可以做同位语的成分有以下几种:名词、短语、直接引语、句子。A.在复合句中用作同位语的从句叫同位语从句。它一般跟在某些名词后面,用以说明该名词表示的具体内容。I heard the news that our team had won我听到了我
10、们队获胜的消息。B.可以跟同位语从句的名词通常有同位语从句的先行词只能是名词,同位从句一般跟在某些名词如answer,hope,fact,belief,news,idea等。Ive come from Mr wang with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon我从王先生那里来,他让我告诉你他今天下午不能来看你了。C.英语中引导同位语从句的词通有连词 that,whether,连接副词 how,when,where,why 连接代词what, who, whom, whose, which(if 不能引导同位语从句)
11、He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not.他必须回答他是否同意这样一个问题。D.有时同位语从句可以不紧跟在说明的名词后面,而被别的词隔开。如Several years later,word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them几年以后,有消息传来说拿破仑要亲自视 察他们。2.定语从句:定语从句在句中做定语,修饰一个名词或代词,被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后,由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。A.关系代词引导的定语从句
12、1.关系代词用来指代先行词是人或物的名词或代词例1:This is the detective who came from London.这是从伦敦来的侦探。例2:The book which I am reading is written by Tomas Hardy.我正在读的这本书是由托马斯*哈代写的。2关系代词的用法(1)如果先行词是all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none等不定代词,关系代词一般只用that,不用which。例如:All the people that are burst int
13、o tears.所有的人都满含热泪。(2)如果先行词被形容词最高级以及first, last, any, only, few, most, no, some, very等词修饰,关系代词常用that,不用which, who,或whom。(3)非限制性定语从句中,不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。There are about seven million people taking part in the election, most of whom、are well educated.选举中有大约七百万人参加选举,其中大部分是受过良好教育的。(4) which还有一种特殊
14、用法,它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句,代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中,which可以作主语,也可以作宾语或表语,多数情况下意思是与and this 相似,并可以指人。He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.他在比赛中成功了,这让他的父母非常高兴。(5) that可指人或物,在从句中作表语,(指人作主语时多用who)仅用于限制性定语从句中。(6) which可作表语,既可指人,以可指物。指人时,一般指从事某种职业或是有某种特征品性或才能的人。Which引导的定语从句可以是限制性的,也
15、可以是非限制性的。(7)如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体,关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员,则用who(8)先行词有两个,一个指人,一个指物,关系代词应该用that。(9)如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用who或whom,不用which。Is there anyone here who will go with you?3“介词关系代词“是一个普遍使用的结构(1) “介词关系代词”可以引导限制性定语从句,也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词关系代词“结构中的介词可以是in,
16、 on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without等,关系代词只可用whom或which,不可用that。(2) from where为“介词关系副词“结构,但也可以引导定语从句。We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.我们站在山顶上,从那里我们可以看到这个城市(3)像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词,在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。This is the
17、 boy whom she has taken care of.这就是她所照顾的那个男孩。B.关系副词引导的定语从句1.关系副词也可以引导定语从句关系副词在从句中分别表示时间地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语,where充当地点状语,why充当原因状语。2. that可引导定语从句表示时间地点或原因That有时可以代替关系副词when, where或者why引导定语从句表示时间地点或原因,在that引导的这种定语从句中,that也可以省去。3.状语从句:主+谓+宾语+状语用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为:1.时间状语从句:常用引导
18、词:when, as, while, as soon as, before, after, since , till, until特殊引导词:the minute, the moment, the second, every time, the day,I didnt realize how special my mother was until I became an adult.直到我成为一个成年人,我才意识到我的母亲是多么的特别。2.地点状语从句:wherewherever, anywhere, everywhereWherever you go, you should work har
19、d.无论你走到哪里,你都应该努力工作。3.原因状语从句:because, since, as, forseeing that, now that, in that, considering that, given that.My friends dislike me because Im handsome and successful.我的朋友不喜欢我,因为我很英俊,很成功。4.条件状语从句:if, unless,as/so long as, only if, providing/provided that, supposing that,Well start our project if t
20、he president agrees.如果总统同意,我们将开始我们的项目。5.目的状语从句:so that, in order thatlest, in case, for fear that,in the hope that, for the purpose that,The boss asked the secretary to hurry up with the letters so that he could sign them.老板请秘书赶快把信给他,以便他能够在信上签名。6.让步状语从句:though, although, even if, even though as(用在让步
21、状语从句中必须要倒装),while ( 一般用在句首 ),no matter , in spite of the fact that, while, whatever, whoever, wherever,Much as I respect him, I cant agree to his proposal.虽然我很尊重他,但是我不同意他的建议7.比较状语从句:as(同级比较), than(不同程度的比较)the more the more ; just as , so; A is to B what , no more than; not A so much as BShe is as ba
22、d-tempered as her mother.她和她的母亲拥有一样的坏脾气。8.方式状语从句:as, as if, howthe wayWhen in Rome, do as the Roman do.入乡随俗。9.结果状语从句:so that, so that, such that,such that, to the degree that, to the extent that, to such a degree that,He got up so early that he caught the first bus.因为他起得很早,所以他赶上了第一班公共汽车。三、时态:1、一般现在时
23、的用法:1)表示现在的习惯,经常发生的动作或存在的状态。She sings with the band Crazy Boy.2)表示内心活动感情等。I dont think you are right.3)表示客观事实或真理。Birds fly in the sky.4)表示按照计划安排好的将来行为。(只限于是go,come,leave,start,stop,be等开始或移动意义的词。)The train leaves at 9.2、一般过去时的用法:1)表过去发生的事情或存在的状态 Suddenly,the clouds cleared and the rain stopped.2)表过去经
24、常发生的事情 I was very thin in my childhood.3)带有确定的过去的时间状语 Did you meet yesterday? He left just now.3、一般将来时的用法:1)表示要在将来的某个时间内发生的动作,是“纯粹的将来动作”。I shall / will not be free tomorrow.2)表示说话人的意图、打算或某种可能性 Who is going to speak first?3)按计划将要发生的动作或命令他人做某事The new bridge is to open to traffic in 3 days.4、现在进行时的用法:1
25、)说话、写文章的当刻正在发生的动作 They are having a football match.2)现阶段一直在进行的动作 He is preparing for CET Band Six.3)表示说话人的情感,如赞许、批评等She is often doing well at school.4)表示在近期按计划或安排要发生的动作Are you staying here till next week?5、过去进行时的用法:1)表示在过去某时刻正在进行的动作At this moment yesterday, I was packing for camp.2)用于故事的开头,交代故事发生的背
26、景情况One night, he was typing in his study . Suddenly , a man broke 3)was going to go 可以表示在过去某一时间之后发生的动作We left there when its getting dark.6、现在完成时的用法:1)表示截止现在已经完成的动作By now, I have collected all the data that I need.2)表示发生在过去而对现在产生影响、带来结果的动作She has been to the United States.3)表示过去发生的动作持续到现在,并可能还要延续I h
27、ave learned English for 8 years.注:现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:1)现在完成时与现在有联系,它表示过去的动作对现在所产生的结果、影响。一般过去时通常表示在过去某一具体时间发生的动作,与现在没什么联系。2)现在完成时表示过去延续到现在的行为;一般过去时着重过去某一时刻的某一具体动作。7、过去完成的用法:1)发生在“过去的过去” When I woke up, it had stopped raining.2)与一个表示过去的时间状语连用Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.3)在过去某时之前开始一直延续到这一时间By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.8、过去将来时的用法:1)宾语从句或间接引语中He didnt expect that we would all be there.2)表示过去习惯性的动作During that period, he would do this every day.3)表示过去的愿望、倾向,多用于否定句They knew that we would never permit such
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