非谓语动词Word下载.docx

1、形式构成时态语态复合结构否定式主动被动不定式一般式to doto be donefor sb. to do sth.或of sb. to do sth.在“to”前加not或never进行式to be doing /完成式to have doneto have been donedoingbeing donesb.或sbs doing作主语要用sbs doing在前加not特别注意复合结构的否定式： sbs not doingsbs not having donehaving donehaving been done现在分词与动名词变化形式相同Infinitive （不定式）不定式的基本形式

2、to-infinitive bare-infinitive 1. 作主语1）不定式做主语一般表示具体的某次动作,尤其是未发生的行为动作。2）不定式做主语可直接位于句首,但当主语较长时，常用it做形式主语，而将不定式放到谓语的后面。 Itisimportantformodernyoungpeopletomasteratleasttwoforeignlanguages. 常见句型结构： a）Itis形容词不定式 Itnoteasycatchfishwithyourhandsonly. b）i名词不定式ItuslearnEnglishandit. c）takes/needs/requires（sb.

3、）sometime（determination, energy,patience.）不定式 takesmethreehourseachday.2. 作宾语1）不定式作宾语不定式常在下列动词后面作宾语：afford, agree, aim, apply, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg ,care, choose, claim, ,dare, demand,decide,desire,determine,expect,fail,hope,hesitate,intend,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend, prom

4、ise, refuse, seek, tend, threaten, want, wish等。2）在 “主语动词it宾补不定式”结构,it作形式宾语:Wefounditimpossiblegeteverythingreadyintime.Ithinkwellcollege.使用这种句型的常见动词有：believe,consider,declare,feel,find,guess,imagine, make,prove,realize,suppose,think,等。3）不定式一般不作介词宾语,只有少数介词如except, but等后可以跟不定式作宾语.一般情况下作介词宾语的不定式都带to,但如

5、果或所在的句子里有行为动词do, does, did时, 常略to. We have no choice but to wait. We can do nothing but wait.3. 作表语1）不定式作表语解释说明主语所包含的内容，主语常常是表示意向、打算、计划的词，如aim, duty, idea, job, policy, purpose, question, suggestion, task, wish等。Themostthingoneshealthhaveplentyofexercise.Mychiefpurposehasbeenpointoutthedifficultiesm

6、atter.2）作表语的不定式通常都带to,但当主语部分有行为动词do时,to可以省略. The only thing we can do now is wait and see.4. 作定语1）不定式作定语通常要放在其所修饰的名词或代词之后。2）不定式作定语的几种情况:a）表示动作还未发生,被修饰的名词或代词在逻辑关系上是不定式动作的宾语; She has a meeting to attend.b）被修饰的词是或前面由序数词,形容词最高级或only,last,next修饰时, 常用不定式作定语。Mr.Zhangalwaysfirstarriveofficelastleave.dontheb

7、estonedowork.c）被修饰的名词为抽象名词need, right, way, reason, attempt, ability, determination, decision, promise, plan等时,后常用不定式作定语; You have every right to feel betrayed by your friends. There is no need for you to wait until he comes.5. 作状语He spoke loudly （so as / in order） to be heard.目的状语.They jumped with

8、joy to hear the news. 原因状语.Im too tired to walk any further tonight. 结果状语The river is dangerous to swim in. 方式状语a）不定式作状语表示目的。或用于soas和inorder之后，来强调这种目的。b）不定式表示结果，特别是在so.asto, such.asto, onlyto.以及too.to等结构中的不定式表示结果。e.g Irushedstationasfastcould,onlyfindtrainhad alreadygone. 注: only to do常表示意想不到的，令人不快的

9、结果.c）不定式常用来修饰形容词，构成adj. + 不定式：happy, glad, lucky, fortunate, surprised, angry, anxious, ready, quick, slow, cruel, clever等;e.g Itlikelyraintoday,verycloudy.6. 作宾补1）在 “主+动+宾+宾补”的句形中,常用下列动词后带宾语补语：ask,advise,allow,beg,cause,enable,encourage,expect,force,hear,have,inform, invite,let,make,mean,notice,ord

10、er,permit,persuade,remind,require, request,teach,tell,urge,watch,warn,watch, feel,等。e.g. Heaskedyoucallhimtenoclock.2）当不定式在 let, make, have, hear, lookat, see, listento, feel, observe, watch, notice, perceive（感觉到）等动词后面作宾语补语时，不定式不带to.但在被动结构中宾补变成了主补,此时to要还原. e,g Wheneversomethingwrongyou,pleaseletknow

11、.His father made him go to bed early. He was made to go to bed early by his father.注意 A.动词不定式的否定式只须在to 前加 not. My father decided not to take up the job.B. 带疑问词的动词不定式在to 前加疑问词。Mr.Lin will teach us how to use the computer.C. 作简短回答或避免不必要的重复时，动词不定式常省去to 后的动词，只保留to 。A:Would you like to come to my party?

12、B: Yes , Id love to （ come to your party）.Mary wanted to use my bike, but I asked her not to （ use my bike）.7动词不定式（体现时间概念）的三形式. 一般式（ to do ）. I opened the door to enter the room. 不定式的一般式所表示的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或之后发生。.进行式（ to be doing） When his mother came in, he pretended to be reading.如果谓语表示的动作（情况）发生

13、时，不定式所表示的动作正进行，则用不定式的进行式。.完成式（to have done） You seemed to have read the novel written by Mr. Smith.不定式的完成时表示不定式动词的行为已经发生过了。8动词不定式的语态.主动式（ to do / to be doing /to have done）当不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的执行者时，用主动式。We want to learn English well.被动式（ to be done / to have been done）当不定式逻辑上的主语是不定式所表示的动作的承受者时，用被动式。

14、He didnt like to be laughed at.9用bare infinitive （省略to的不定式）的几种情况 （1）let, have, make, see, watch, notice, observe, look at, feel, perceive, listen to, hear, etc + O（宾语） + do（不带to的不定式作宾补）； eg. I saw her walk into the classroom and sit down next to Mary. Who/Whom do you think Mr. White will have write

15、the report for him?注意：此句型用于被动语态时，to要还原。 eg. She was seen to walk into the classroom and sit down next to Mary. （2）有些动词短语和情态动词后要用省略to的不定式，如would rather, had better, why not等； eg. I cant wait to see my birthday present. Id better go and see it myself. （3）两个或两个以上的动词不定式由and, or, except, but, than, rathe

16、r than,等词连接时，这些词后的动词不定式to的省略；Im willing to go to the office and fetch the book for you. （4）不定式作介词宾语时，如果所在句子里有行为动词do, did, does时，to要省略； eg. We can do nothing but wait. （5）“主+系+表”结构中，如果不定式作表语，主语部分有行为动词do, did, does时，则不定式的to可以省略。The only thing we can do now is wait and see.10不定式的主动表示被动的几种情况： （1）当句子的谓语动

17、词是have, get, find, give, bring等词时，且不定式的逻辑主语就是句子的主语或宾语时，不定式用主动表示被动；I can find noting to eat in the fridge. （2）在too+ adj./adv.+ to do结构中，不定式用主动表示被动；eg. The book is too difficult to understand. （3）在enough + to do结构中，不定式用主动表示被动；eg. The case is light enough to carry. （4）在adj. + to do结构中，如果形容词是difficult,

18、hard, easy, simple, light, heavy等词时，不定式用主动表示被动；eg. The book is difficult to understand. （5）在with + O（宾语） + to do结构中，不定式用主动表示被动；eg. With a lot of things to buy, Mrs. Black went into the supermarket.Gerund （动名词）动名词是非谓动词的一种形式，由动词原形+ing构成。它既有动词的特征，又有名词的特征，故称动名词。动名词的句法功能：动名词主要起名词作用，在句中担任主语、表语、宾语和定语。1. 动名

19、词作主语Walking is good exercise. Playing chess is fun.-Why were you so late for work today? -Driving to the office was very slow this morning because of the traffic.动名词作主语,用来表示无时限的泛指动作,或描述当时的。 也可用it 作形式主语.但只限于下面句型:1） 动名词在“It is no use/ no good/ fun / a waste of time 等名词 + doing”结构中作主语，it为形式主语。例如：It is

20、no good writing to him; he never answers letters. It is no use talking too much. It is not much fun going to a party alone. It would be a waste of time attempting the impossible. 2） 动名词在“It is useless/ nice/ good 等词 + doing”结构中作主语。 例如：It is nice meeting you. It is useless sending him there.注意: 此结构句型

21、中的good为名词,意思是 “好处”;而It is nice+doing结构常于告别时用,等于It is nice to have done,如果刚见面时,则应用It is nice + to do.3） 动名词在“There is（was） no + doing”结构中作主语。There is no denying that she is very efficient.There is no telling what he is going to do.2. 动名词作表语 动名词作表语起名词作用,用来解释主语的内容,这时动名词和主语的位置是可以交换的。The nurses job is lo

22、oking after the patients.= Looking after the patients is the nurses job 动名词和不定式都可以作主语或表语,没有太大区别.在表示经常习惯性动作多用动名词; 在表示具体某次动作, 特别是将来的动作时,多用不定式.Their job is building houses. Our task now is to increase food production.它与谓语动词进行时的区别: His hobby is collecting stamps. He is collecting stamps. _3. 动名词作定语 动名词可

23、作前置定语，表示所修饰的词的用途或目的，可用for改写；动名词作定语时，动名词和它所修饰的词没有逻辑上的主谓关系. a racing car= a car for racing a swimming pool= a pool for swimming注意动名词和现在分词作定语时的区别：现在分词作定语用于：被修饰的名词和做定语的动词为主动关系，该动作正在进行或与谓语动作同时进行，或是经常性行为时。 The people sitting at the back move forward please.（正在进行） I like to live in the house facing the sou

24、th.（经常性的动作）可用定语从句改写：a sleeping child = a child who is sleeping4动名词作宾语 1）动名词作动词宾语下列动词后只能接动名词：advise, appreciate, admit（承认）, allow, avoid, consider（考虑）, delay, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, forbid, imagine, keep, miss, mind, practice, permit, pardon, resist, recommend, suggest, understand, etc. I can

25、t imagine marrying a girl of that sort. I recommend buying the dictionary.advise/allow/permit/forbid/recommend + doing;advise/allow/permit/forbid/recommend + sb. + to do.e.g. We doesnt allow smoking in the lab. The teacher doesnt allow us to smoke in the lab.I recommend buying this dictionary. I rec

26、ommend you to buy this dictionary.有些动词短语后也要求跟动名词作宾语。常这样用的动词短语有：put off, give up, look forward to, feel like, have trouble / difficulty （in） doing sth. devote to, get used to, pay attention to, be fond of, stick to, be worth, cant stand , cant help, etc.e.g. He put off making a decision till he had m

27、ore information. Do you feel like taking a walk?2）动名词作介词宾语 注意: 介词后如果需要非谓语动词作宾语,通常只能是动名词,不可用不定式（except, but 除外） Are you good at playing football? 其他介词不易错,重点是介词to .因为不定式符号也是to ,所以一定要记住有关的短语. look forward to ,devoteto, get used to, get down to, contribute to, pay attention to, stick to, on ones way to等

28、，这些短语中的to都是介词. I am used to watching TV in the evening. Were so mush looking forward to seeing you again.5动名词与不定式作宾语的区别1. 有些动词（ continue, prefer, begin, hate, like, start, love）后面既可以接不定式作宾语，也可以接动名词作宾语，意义差别不大。通常认为用动名词泛指一般的倾向性，用不定式则表示特定或具体某一种动作。 e.g. I like swimming but I dont like to swim in winter.2.有些动词，如forget, remember, regret 等接不定式动名词作宾语，二者有别：后面接动名词表示的动作先于谓语动词动作，不定式表示的动作后于谓语动词。 e.g. Do remember to tell your mother. I remember telling my mother. I regret to say/tell I must leave tomorrow. I regret not havi