英语论文写作引用的方法 About quotation in the thesisWord文件下载.docx

1、 A direct quotation is exactly the same as the original and must be put in quotation marks. Everything within the quotation marks, that is to say, not only the words but also the spelling, capitalization and interior punctuation, should be exactly the same as the original. 2. When to use direct quot

2、ations （1） When the original wording expresses the idea so precisely and succinctly that we cannot improve on it;（2） When the direct quotation comes from an authority in a particular field and therefore strengthens our point of view;（3） When we need to borrow a special term or expression that is a p

3、articular writers invention and carries special meaning;（4） When we need the original wording for the purpose of further discussion.3. How to use direct quotation （1） When we do quote, we should make every effort to work the direct quotation into our own statement so that it may become part of an or

4、ganic whole. （2） Use a colon if our direct quotation is introduced by a complete sentence: Sample 1 Sinclair Lewis, the first American Nobel Prize winner for literature in 1930, believed that Dreiser better deserved the prize: “Dreisermore than any other man, marching alone, usually unappreciated, o

5、ften hated, has cleared the trail from Victorian and Howellsian timidity and gentility in the American fiction to honesty, boldness and passion of life.” （3） Treat the direct quotation as part of the sentence and punctuate accordingly if it is not introduced by a complete sentence: Sample 2 To Sincl

6、air Lewis, “Dreisermore than any other man, marching alone, usually unappreciated, often hated, has cleared the trail from Victorian and Howellsian timidity and gentility in the American fiction to honesty, boldness and passion of life.” Exercise I have a dream that my four little children will one

7、day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. From “I have a dream”, a speech by Martin Luther King, Jr.4. We should observe the following rules when using direct quotation: （1）. Keep the quotation as brief as possible;（2）.Be acc

8、urate. What appears between quotation marks should be exactly the same as the original. No word, punctuation, or even spelling should be charged;（3）. Always indicate the source of the quotation;（4）. When the quotation is less than three lines, incorporate it in the flow of the paragraph with a pair

9、of quotation marks. When the quotation is longer than three lines, use a separate and indented paragraph, without quotation marks, to indicate the quotation; Eg: The view that writing is typically a socially-situated act has been reinforced by the aims and experiences of the recent Writing Across th

10、e Curriculum （WAC） movement （Young and Fulwiler, 1986）. A primary research agenda for WAC has been firmly laid out by Faigley and Hansen: If teacher of English are to offer courses that truly prepare students to write in other disciplines, they will have to explore why those disciplines study certai

11、n subjects, why certain methods of enquiry are sanctioned, how the convertions of a discipline shape a text in that discipline, how individual writers represent themselves in the text, how a text is read and disseminated, and how one text influences subsequent texts.（Faigley and Hansen, 1985: 149）（5

12、）. When only parts of a long sentence or passage are quoted, the omitted words may be indicated three dots. However, the parts that do appear as a quotation still have to be accurate;（6）. The volume of direct quotations in any piece of academic writing should be kept within1020 of the total paper le

13、ngth. Too much quoted material may spoil the originality or style of the academic paper.5. The following expressions are often used to indicate the source of a direct quotation. It is often advisable to include when and where the person said so. As X said As X reportedAs X stated As X wroteAs X ment

14、ioned As X maintainedAs X insisted As X declaredX said X further statedX later insisted X continuedX firmly believed. ParaphrasingI.The definition of paraphrasingParaphrasing means to restate the idea of a sentence or passage in a different and usually simpler way. Language teachers often employ par

15、aphrasing to explain difficult sentences to check students understanding, and to train them to express complicated ideas in more readily understandable terms. More importantly, academic writers employ paraphrasing to borrow ideas and previous research findings in the field of study. It is one of the

16、 three important methods of incorporating outside sources.Compared with direct quotation, paraphrasing is more flexible. This flexibility exists in at least three different ways:1.Flexibility in elaborating the original idea if necessary for better and clearer understanding;example1： 原文：University r

17、egistration procedures-once a nightmare of lists, lines, and paper strips-have been streamlined by using computers.译文： Computers have lessened the pains of the process of university registration: it involves fewer lists, less waiting, and more efficiency.2.Flexibility in emphasising different aspect

18、s of the original material to suit a particular purpose.example 2: Poetry-the height of a languages expression-is perhaps the hardest aspect of the language for the second-language learner to conquer. 译文： The most difficult part of a language for a non-native speaker is poetry, the most profound and

19、 subtle form of expression.3.Flexibility in modifying the tone and style of the original source for a better fit into the context of the writing. Paraphrasing is probably more often employed in academic papersthan direct quotation. This section discusses the correct ways of using paraphrasing.exampl

20、e3:A family of lion, often consisting of a male, two or three lionesses, their offspring, and perhaps a yearling or two, is called a pride. A pride is a lion family, the members of which are one male, two or three females, their babies, and one or two other young lions around one-year old.II.Guideli

21、nes for paraphrasingTwo simple rules govern paraphrasing1.Rule 1Always give credit to the source of idea or material being paraphrased. Failing to do so is regarded as dishonesty. The following expressions and structures may be used to introduce a paraphrase:1）In an article/ a study by X, .2）As X po

22、ints out, .3）X states.4）A study by X indicates that.5）X has drawn attention to the fact that.6）X claims that.7）X found/ discovered that.8）Research by X suggests that.9）X argues that.2.Rule 2 Always restate the idea in different vocabulary and sentence structure. A mere change of a few words without

23、changing the structure may be regarded as plagiarism in disguise. However, changing the vocabulary does not mean that every word in the original sentence needs changing. Ordinary words and special technical terms do not require a change. Only “character words,” that show a strong personal preference

24、 and therefore are like a writers signature, need changing. There “character words” are mostly substance wordsnouns, verbs, special adjectives, and unusual adverbs. They may also be terms or jargon that have been given some special meaning by the original writer. One task of paraphrasing is to repla

25、ce the character words with other, perhaps more ordinary words and expressions. One word in each of the following groups of words is more unusual and has the capability of becoming a character word. Please identify the word.1. one, tick, was, and, man 2. beautiful, cumbersome, interesting, important

26、3. walk, run, amble, move4. late, delayed, tardy5. rule, maxim, lawIII.Two steps of paraphrasing Mainly two steps are used to achieve this purpose:1. Identifying the character words and finding appropriate substitutes （synonym）2. Understanding the original sentence and rewriting it in a new framewor

27、kexercise： “Attitudes are selectively acquired and integrated through learning and experience” （John D. Faust）. In this sentence, three words （selectively, acquired, integrated） are character words and should be changed in a paraphrase. The following are two possible versions.a）John D. Faust express

28、es the view that through learning and experience, feelings and attitudes are carefully chosen and absorbed.b）As John D. Faust points out, individuals change their attitudes because of things they learn and the things they experience.SummarizingIn terms of frequency of use when comparing direct quota

29、tion, paraphrasing, and summarizing, summarizing is probably the most common way of thinking, writing, and organizing ideas. If direct quotation is mostly used in both fiction and non-fiction, and if paraphrasing is mostly used in both language teaching and academic writing, summarizing is used in almost every aspect of human thinking and communication. Whenever we recount a story, an idea or an event in the form of main ideas, we ar