英国文学与美国文学复习讲义Word文档下载推荐.docx

1、A series of historical events:1. rediscovery of ancient Roman & Greek culture2. new discoveries in geography & astrology（占星学）3. the religious reformation & economic expansionThe Renaissance - rebirth or revivalHumanism - the essence of the Renaissance, the dignity of human being & the importance of

2、the present life Best representatives: Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe, William ShakespeareThe Elizabethan drama: the real mainstream of English RenaissanceMost famous dramatists: Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, Ben JonsonEdmund Spenser - the poets poet 5 quality: 1） a perfect melody 2）a

3、rare sense of beauty 3）a splendid imagination4）a lofty（高尚的） moral purity and seriousness 5）a dedicated idealismThe Shepherdes Calender lament（哀悼） over the loss of RosalindThe Faerie Queene主角：Arthur - who possess 12 virtues Gloriana the Fairy QueenThe theme is not “Arms and the man,” but something mo

4、re romantic “Fierce warres and faithfull loves”READING: excerpt from The Faerie Queene 仙后Content: Redcrosse Knight set out on his adventures. Christopher Marlowe “University Wits”, the pioneer of English dramaHyperbole（夸张）Marlowes achievement: 1） blank verse无韵诗歌It is Marlowe who brought vitality（活力）

5、 and grandeur（伟大） into the blank verse with his “mighty lines,” which carry strong emotions.2） his creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.（not strong in dramatic construction.） the pioneer of English drama3 tragedies: the human passion for knowledge, power and happiness Tamburlaine 帖木耳大帝

6、 a play about an ambitious and pitiless overpowering king.The Jew of Malta 马尔他的犹太人 non-drama pastoral（田园的） life ，the most beautiful lyrics（抒情诗） 1. excerpt from Dr. Faustus 浮士德博士的悲剧A play based on the German legend Faustus is a scholar who has a strong desire to acquire knowledge. By conjuration（念咒文召

7、唤） he call up Mephistophilis, the Devils servant. He make a bond（契约） to sell his soul to the Devil in return for 24 years of life in which Mephistophilis to give him everything he desires. Devils name is Lucifer.Dominant moral is human rather than religious2. The Passionate（热情的） Shepherd to His Love

8、this short poem is considered to be one of the most beautiful lyrics（抒情诗） in English literature.The shepherd（牧羊人） enjoy an ideal country life, cherishing（珍爱） a pastoral（田园的） and pure affection for his love. Strong emotion is conveyed through the beauty of nature. William Shakespeare playwright & poe

9、t （above all writers in the past and in the present time）1. , 2. Henry Henry King JohnComedies:A Midsummer Nights DreamThe Merchant of VeniceTwelfth NightTragedy:Romeo and Juliet romantic tragedy. To praise the faithfulness of love and the spirit of pursuing happiness.3. Four tragedies -OthelloKing

10、Lear &Macbeth4. tragicomedies：The TempestAchievement:A. exploring the characterss inner mind. soliloquy（独白） or monologue - fully reveal the inner conflict of the characters contrasts bring vividness to the charactersB. adroit（精巧的） plot constructionC. Irony is a good means of dramatic presentation. D

11、isguise is an important device to create dramatic irony.D. the language.READING： 1. Sonnet 18 （14 line）Sonnet 18 eternal or immortal（不朽的） beauty, have a faith in the permanence of poetry.A nice summers day is usually transient（短暂的）, but the beauty in poetry can last for ever.2.excerpt from The Merch

12、ant of Venice to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, to expose the insatiable（不知足的） greed and brutality of the Jew.Double plot:（1） Bassanio ask Antonio for a loan so that he might marriage with Portia（2） Antonio borrow mo

13、ney from Shylock, the Jewish usurer. Shylock make a strange bond that requires Antonio to surrender a pound of his flesh if he fail to repay him within a certain period of time. Portia disguised as a young lawyer instructed to judge the case: Shylock can take his pound of flesh, but there is no ment

14、ion of blood in the bond. Otherwise, his lands and goods will be confiscated（充公） according to he law of Venice.3Excerpt from Hamlet hesitate between fact and fiction, language and action, too sophisticated（复杂的） to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger content: Hamlet, the p

15、rince, appearing in a mood of world-weariness（厌世） occasioned by his fathers death and his mothers hasty remarriage with Claudius, his fathers brother. Hamlet is informed that Claudius has murdered his father and then taken over both his fathers throne and widow. Thus Hamlet is urged to seek revenge.

16、 Note: To be, or not to be - to live on in this world or to die; to suffer or to take action Francis Bacon philosopher, scientist, essayist, lay the foundation for modern scienceHis Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature.Bacons essays are famous for their brevity, compactnes

17、s & powerfulness, well-arranging and enriching by Biblical allusions（典故）, metaphors（隐喻） and cadence（韵律）.The Advancement of Learning mans understanding consists of three parts: history to mans memory, poetry to mans imagination and creation, and philosophy to mans reason.Novum Organum written in Lati

18、n on methodology方法论Bacon suggests the inductive reasoning归纳法 （ i.e. proceeding from the particular to the general） in place of Aristotelian method, the deductive reasoning 演绎法（ i.e. proceeding from the general to the particular） Of StudiesOf Studies uses and benefits of study studies serve for delig

19、ht, for ornament, and for ability. Studies perfect nature, and are perfected by experience. Different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies - studies and experience are complementary （互补） to each other. The correct attitude to reading books - to weigh and consider. How studies exert inf

20、luence over human character - reading maketh a full man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man. John Donne Metaphysical poetry（玄学诗）- break away from love poetry, the diction（用语） is simple, the imagery is from the actual, the form is frequently an argument with the poets beloved, with God,

21、 or with himself. A）conceits B）syllogism （三段论） Poetry早期:The Songs and Sonnets holds that the nature of love is the union of soul and body.晚期:Holy SonnetsA Hymn to God the Father religious poemProse: his sermons, which are both rich and imaginative 1. The Sun Rising 2. Death, Be Not Proud （ a sonnet,

22、14 lines） The Sun Rising the busy sun is always ready to interfere with other things and everywhere Death, Be Not Proud whatever you are, you can not escape from death. When you are living, you are always in the shadow of death. Death only lasts a moment, our life after death is eternal. The more pl

23、easure the death gives people, not only the pleasure of the rest & the sleep, because whom the gods love die young. Though death is usually considered powerful, it actually provides a rest for a mans body and a birth for his soul. John Milton 1）the early poetic works 2） the middle prose（散文） 3）the la

24、st great poemsElegy（挽歌） -利西达斯 （his early work）Epic（史诗） - Paradise RegainedDramatic poem（诗剧） - 力士参孙 the most perfect example of the verse drama after the Greek style in English. excerpt from Paradise Lost the only generally acknowledged epic in English literature since Beowulf. The conflict is betwee

25、n human love and spiritual duty. The freedom of the will is the keystone of Miltons creed（纲领）.Take from the Old Testament, the theme is the “Fall of Man”: Satan rebel against God and are driven from Heaven. He determined to revenge by seduce（引诱） Adam and Eve to eat the fruit from the Tree of Knowled

26、ge against Gods instructions. So, Adam and Eve are exiled by God from the paradise.The Neoclassical Period : 1660-1798 with the publication of Lyrical ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge- a revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion（抑制情感） & accuracythe Age of En

27、lightenment/Reason the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries,a progressive intellectual movement, reason （rationality）, equality & science （the 18th century）modern English novel newly rising literary form现实主义小说诞生（the mid-century）Gothic novel（哥特式小说） - mystery, ho

28、rror & castles （from middle part to the end of century） John BunyanREAING: The Vanity Fair名利场 an excerpt form The Pilgrims Progress （天路历程）The Pilgrims Progress, a religious allegory（寓言）, its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation（拯救） through constant struggles w

29、ith their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils. Its predominant metaphor life as a journey Alexander Popeone of the first to introduce rationalism to England, for him the supreme value was order. excerpt from An Essay on Criticism（论批评）An Essay on Criticism a poem written in heroic couplets（对

30、句）, criticize the present poem lack of true taste & call on people to turn to the old Greek and Roman writers for guidance, true wit which is best set in a plain （simple & clear） style. Daniel Defoe - the first writer study of the lower-class people, his language is smooth, easy, colloquial and mostly vernacular