1、法国与英国之间价格的相对变化将使法国购买较少的英国物品,而英国购买较多的法国商品,其结果是英国贸易收支恶化而法国贸易收支改进,直至英国贸易顺差消失。A favourable trade balance was possible only in the short run, for over time it would automatically be eliminated. To illustrate, suppose England were to achieve a trade surplus that resulted in an inflow of gold and silver. B
2、ecause these precious metals would constitute part of Englands money supply, their inflow would increase the amount of money in circulations. This would lead to a rise in Englands price level relative to that of its trading partners. English residents would therefore be encouraged to purchase foreig
3、n-produced goods, while England, s export would decline. As a result, the countrys trade surplus would eventually be eliminated. 2The concept of Absolute Advantage 绝对优势的概念 一国生产1个单位的某种商品所使用的资源少于另一个国家同类产品的生产所使用的资源。 One nation uses less labor to produce a unit of output than the other nation.二The Conte
4、nts of Classical Trade Theory 古典贸易理论的内容Smith and Ricardo emphasized the supply side of the market. The immediate basis for trade stemmed from cost differences between nations, which were underlaid by their natural and acquired advantages.1绝对优势理论(Principle of Absolute Advantage)(亚当斯密 Adam Smith)从生产的绝
5、对成本的差别为出发点,当一国相对于另一国在某种商品的生产上有更高效率,但在另一种商品生产上效率更低,那么两国就可以通过专门生产自己有绝对优势的商品并用其中一部分来交换其有绝对劣势的商品。这样,资源可以被最有效地使用,而且两种商品的产出会有很大增长。以己之所长,换己之所需In a two-nation、two-product world, international trade and specialization will beneficial when one nation has an absolute cost advantage in one commodity and the oth
6、er nation has an absolute cost advantage in the other commodity. For the world to benefit from international division of labour, each nation must have a commodity that it is absolutely more efficient in producing than its trading partner. A nation will import those commodities in which it has an abs
7、olute cost disadvantage; it will export those commodities in which it has an absolute cost advantage.局限性:不能解释国际贸易的全部,只说明国际贸易中的一种特殊情形,即具有绝对优势的国家参加国际分工和国际贸易能够获益,无法解释绝对先进和绝对落后国家之间的贸易活动。Q :What if a nation is more efficient than its trading partner in the production of all goods?2比较优势理论(Principle of Com
8、parative Advantage)(大卫李嘉图 David Ricardo)如果一个国家在两种商品的生产上都处于绝对有利地位,但有利的程度不同,而另一个国家在两种商品的生产上都处于绝对不利的地位,但不利的程度也不同。在此情况下,前者应专门生产比较最有利的商品,后者应专门生产其不利程度最小的商品。通过对外贸易,双方都能取得比自己以等量劳动所能生产的更多的产品,从而实现社会劳动的节约,给贸易双方都带来利益。两优取其重,两劣取其轻Even if a nation has an absolute cost disadvantage in the production of both commodi
9、ties, a basis for mutually beneficial trade may still exist. The less efficient nation should specialize in and export the commodity in which it is relatively less inefficient(where its absolute disadvantage is least). The more efficient nation should specialize in and export that commodity in which
10、 it is relatively more efficient(where its absolute advantage is greater).2.2 The Differences of Productivity and International Trade第二节 劳动生产率差异与国际贸易:李嘉图模型一Assumptions 假设以劳动价值论(Labour Theory of Value)为基础:12*2模型 2只投入一种生产要素 劳动力 3劳动力在国与国之间不能流动 4两国资源都得到充分利用 5机会成本不变 6运输成本和其他交易费用为零7商品可以在各国之间自由流动 8进出口贸易总值相
11、等 9生产和交换是在完全竞争的条件下进行的 10不存在政府对贸易的干预或管制1The world consists of two nations, each using a single input to produce two commodities.2In each nation, labour is the only input. Each nation has a fixed endowment of labour, and labour is fully employed and homogenous.3Labour can move freely among industries
12、within a nation but is incapable of moving between nations.4The level of technology is fixed for both nations. Different nations may use different technologies, but all firms within each nation utilize a common production method for each commodity.5Cost does not vary with the level of production and
13、 are proportional to the amount of labour used.6Perfect competition prevails in all markets. All producers or consumers are all are price takers. All units of each product are identical. There is free entry to and exit from an industry, and the price of each product equals the products marginal cost
14、 of production.7Free trade occurs between nations; That is, no government barriers to trade exist.8Transportation costs are zero. Consumers will thus be indifferent between domestically produced and imported versions of a product if the domestic prices of the two products are identical.9Firms make p
15、roduction decision in an attempt to maximize profits, whereas consumers maximize satisfaction though their consumption decision.10There is no money illusion; That is, when consumers make their consumption decision, they take into account the behaviour of all prices.11Trade is balanced(exports must p
16、ay for imports), ruling out flows of money between nations.二Absolute advantage and Comparative advantage 绝对优势与比较优势1Absolute advantageProduction cost ProductivityaLX bLX 1 / aLX 1 / bLX bLY aLY 1 / bLY 1 / aLY2Comparative advantageOpportunity costaLX / aLY bLX / bLYTable 2-1 Production Function of Na
17、tion A and Nation BCommodity / DepartmentNation ANation BXLAX / aLXLBX / bLXYLAY / aLYLBY / bLYNotes:aLX A国的X部门的单位产出所需要的劳动投入量 aLY A国的Y部门的单位产出所需要的劳动投入量bLX B国的X部门的单位产出所需要的劳动投入量bLY B国的Y部门的单位产出所需要的劳动投入量(倒数就是劳动生产率)LAX A国的X部门的劳动投入LAY A国的Y部门的劳动投入LBX B国的X部门的劳动投入LBY B国的Y部门的劳动投入Table 2-2(a) Labour input per c
18、ommodity output in both nationsLabour input per XLabour input per Y36124Table 2-2(b) Labour input per commodity output in both nations8Table 2-3(a) Productivity of both nationsProductivity of XProductivity of Y1/31/61/121/4Table 2-3(b) Productivity of both nations1/8表 2-2(a) 生产成本(Production cost):A国
19、X单位产品的劳动投入量(aLX)是3个单位,B国X单位产品的劳动投入量(bLX)是12个单位。因此,A国的X产品生产成本小于B国的X产品生产成本(aLX bLY)。表 2-3(a) 劳动生产率(Productivity):在X生产上,A国的劳动生产率大于B的劳动生产率;B国的Y劳动生产率大于A国的劳动生产。为此,A国在X产品上具有绝对优势,因为其劳动生产率高于对方;而B国在Y产品上具绝对优势,因为其生产成本也低于对方,或劳动生产率大于对方。表 2-2(b) 表 2-3(b)A国在两种产品的生产成本上都优于B国(aLX bLX;aLY 因此,A国在两种产品生产上都处于绝对优势。但两种产品的绝对优
20、势程度并不相同。在X产品上,A国的生产成本是对方的1/4,或劳动生产率是对方的4倍,而在Y产品上,A国的生产成本只是对方的3/4,或劳动生产率只是对方的4/3倍。相比之下,A国X的生产成本相对比对方更低(3/612/8)(aLX /aLY bLX /bLY),或A国X的劳动生产率相对更高,即A国在X生产上优势更为突出。 结 论如果aLXbLX,则说A国在X生产上具有绝对优势;如果bLYaLY,则说B国在Y生产上具有绝对优势。如果aLX/aLYbLX/bLY,则称A国在X生产上具有比较优势。如果bLY/bLXaLY/aLX,B国在Y生产上具有比较优势。Q:如果两国按照绝对优势或比较优势的原则进行
21、国际分工与贸易,那结果会怎么样呢?Case 1:依据绝对优势,A国专门生产与出口X,B国专门生产与出口Y,则两国的资源配置均要调整。对于A国来说,劳动就会由Y部门转移到X部门,而B国X部门的劳动则转移至Y部门,这样,两种产品的生产均发生变化,A国X生产增加、Y生产下降,而B国正相反。表2-4(a):以放弃1个单位处于绝对劣势地位的部门生产为例,说明专业化分工后的净效果。A国Y部门每减少一个单位的生产,可以释放出6个单位的劳动,这6个单位的劳动用于X部门,则可生产出2个单位的X;B国减少1个单位的X所释放出的劳动(12个单位),可生产出3个单位的Y。从整个世界的角度看,国际分工后,虽然世界劳动总
22、量并没有任何的增加,但X和Y的总产出则分别净增1个单位和2个单位。这说明,国际分工后,两个部门的世界生产均增加了。假设:两国按1:1的国际比价进行交换A国用放弃1个单位Y生产的劳动所生产出的X与B国交换,可得到2个单位的Y,这要比自己直接生产Y更为有利可图!同样,B国用以牺牲1个单位的X为代价,通过国际贸易可得到更多的X(3个单位)。因此,依据比较优势原则,国际分工与国际贸易后,世界和各国的福利水平都会提高。Table 2-4(a) Gains from tradeNet change of world production+ 2- 1+ 3+ 1 + 2 Case 2:A国虽然在两种商品生产
23、上都具有绝对优势,但若依照比较利益,A国专门生产其具有比较优势的X商品,B则专门生产其具有比较优势的Y商品,以同样的方式,在国际分工后,X、Y的世界产量都较之前提高了。表2-4(b):如果两国仍按1:1的国际比价进行贸易,那么,在同等代价下,A、B两国通过国际贸易获得的商品数量均要比自己直接生产更多。由此可见贸易对两国均有好处。Table 2-4(b) Gains from trade+ 1.5+ 0.5比较优势学说认为,只要两国间存在成本上的差异,即使其中一国处于全面的劣势地位,国际贸易动仍会发生,而且贸易可以使所有国家获利。三Graphic Presentation of Comparat
24、ive Advantage Theory 比较优势理论的图示(一)Production Possibilities Frontier 生产可能性边界aLXX+ aLYY = LAbLXX+ bLYY = LB 机会成不变(constant opportunity cost)的原因* The factors of production are perfect substitutes for each other.* All units of a given factor are of the same quality.A国的生产可能性边界(AA)是一条直线。线上各点的斜率相同,均为 - aLX/
25、aLYB国的生产可能性边界(BB)也是一条直线段,直线的斜率为- bLX/bLY图 2-1 生产可能性边界 aLX/aLY bLX/bLY。A国的生产可能性边界要比B国更平坦些。(二)Relative Price in isolation 封闭条件下的相对价格在封闭条件下,两国的相对价格由各自的生产可能性边界与社会无差异曲线相切决定。1A国的均衡点为EA,B国的均衡点为EB。2在均衡状态下,A国的相对价格为PA=PAX/PAY,B国的相对价格为PB=PBX/PBY。3A国的相对价格线PA与其生产可能性边界重合,PA= aLX/aLYB国的相对价格线PB与其生产可能性边界重合,PB= bLX/bLY 4由于A国在X生产上具有比较优势,所以在封闭条件下,PA
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