定语从句Word文档格式.docx

1、（3）在there be 句型中，用that，不用which。（4） 非限制性定语从句中，不能用关系代词that,作宾语用的关系代词也不能省略。 （错）The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here. 介词后不能用that: We depend on the land from which we get our food. We depend on the land that/which we get our food from. There are about seven million people taking

2、part in the election, most of whom are well educated. （4） which还有一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与and this 相似，并可以指人。 He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy. （5） that可指人或物，在从句中作表语，（指人作主语时多用who）仅用于限制性定语从句中。 （6） which可作表语，既可指人，以可

3、指物。指人时，一般指从事某种职业或是有种特征品性或才能的人。Which引导的定语从句可以限制性的，也可以是非限制性的。 （7） 如果作先作词的集体名词着眼于集体的整体，关系代词用which;若是指集体中的各个成员，则用who。 （8） 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用that。 The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely. （9） 如果先行词是anyone, anybody, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody,关系代词应该用 who 或whom，不用 whic

4、h。 Is there anyone here who will go with you?3“介词关系代词”是一个普遍使用的结构 （1） “介词关系代词”可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词关系代词”结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用whom或 which,不可用 that 。 （2） from where为“介词关系副词”结构，但也可以引导定语从句。 We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the

5、 town. （3） 像listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介词与动词分开。 This is the boy whom she has taken care of.4）介词后面的关系词不能省略。5）that前不能有介词。6） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的介词+关系词结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago. This is the house where I

6、 lived two years ago. Do you remember the day on which you joined our club? Do you remember the day when you joined our club?二关系副词引导的定语从句 1关系副词也可以引导定语从句 关系副词在从句中分别表示时间地点或原因。关系副词when在从句中充当时间状语，where 充当地点状语，why充当原因状语。 2. that可引导定语从句表示时间地点或原因 That有时可以代替关系副词 when, where 或者why引导定语从句表示时间地点或原因，在 that引导的这种定

7、语从句中，that也可以省去。三限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句 1二者差异比较 限制定语从句紧跟先行词，同先行词这间一般不加逗号，仅修饰先行词，可以由关系代词关系副词或that来引导。非限制性定语从句仅作补充或说明，用逗号与主句隔开，既可修饰先行词，又可修饰整个主句，不可用that或why引导。 2关系代词和关系副词的选择依据 （1） 弄清代替先行词的关系词在从句中作什么成分,作状语的应选用关系副词，作主语、宾语或表语的可选用关系代词。 3. 先行词与定语从句隔离 定语从句一般紧跟在先行词之后，但定语从句与先行词之间有时也会插入别的成分，构成先行词与定语从句的隔离。 1） This is t

8、he article written by him that I spoke to you about. 2） He was the only person in this country who was invited.四As在定语从句中的用法 1. 引导限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句 （）as多与such 或the same连用，可以代替先行词是人或物的名词。 （）as 也可单独使用，引导非限制性定语从句，作用相当于which。The elephants nose is like a snake, as anybody can see. ）the same that与 the same

9、as在意思上是不同的。 2As引导的非限制性定语从句的位置 as引导的非限制性定语从句位置较灵活，可以位于主句前面中间或后面，一般用逗号与主句隔开，但which所引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。 （1） As is expected, the England team won the football match.（2） The earth runs around the sun, as is known by everyone.As 的用法例1. the same as；suchas 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。 I have got into the same troubl

10、e as he （has）.例2. as可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如。As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.As is know, smoking is harmful to oneAs是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.典型例题1）Alice received a

11、n invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. whichD. he 答案C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。2）The weather turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. whatB. whichC. thatD. it 答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限

12、定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3）It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the park.A. thatB. whichC. as D. it答案B. as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：（1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。（2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。

13、 在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。五、判断关系代词与关系副词 方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要

14、求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。 This is the mountain village where I stayed last year. Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you. 判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。） （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year. （错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside. （对）

15、This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year. （对） Ill never forget the days （which） I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。 方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分（主、谓、宾、定、状），也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age? A. whereB. that C. on which

16、 D. the one例2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held. A. whereB. that C. on whichD. the one答案：例1 D，例2 A例1变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，

17、所以应选D。而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 （who, whom, that, which, whose）； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （ where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语） 。六、先行词和关系词二合一 1） Whoever spits in public will be punished here. （Wh

18、oever 可以用 anyone who 代替）2） The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school. （what 可以用all that代替）what/whatever;that/what; who/whoever 1）what = the thing which；whatever = anythingWhat you want has been sent here.Whatever you want makes no difference to me. 2） who= the person

19、that whoever= anyone who （错）Who breaks the law will be punished. （错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear. （对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished. （对）Who robbed the bank is not clear.3） that 和 what 当that引导定语从句时 ，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从句， 用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且

20、不能省略。I think （that） you will like the stamps.What we need is more practice.名词性从句名词性从句是由if, whether, that 和各种疑问词充当连接词所引导的从句，其功同名词一样。一主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句，通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替，而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It 作形式主语代替主语从句，主要是为了平衡句子结构，主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调，无论强调的是什么成分，都可用连词that。被强调部

21、分指人是也可用who/whom。 It is a pity that you didnt go to see the film. It doesnt interest me whether you succeed or not. It is in the morning that the murder took place. It is John that broke the window. 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构 （1） It is 名词从句 It is a fact that 事实是 It is an honor that 非常荣幸 It is common knowledge t

22、hat 是常识 （2） it is 形容词从句 It is natural that 很自然 It is strange that 奇怪的是 （3） it is 不及物动词从句 It seems that 似乎 It happened that 碰巧 （4） it 过去分词从句 It is reported that 据报道 It has been proved that 已证实 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况 （1） if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 （2） It is said, （reported） 结构中的主语从句不可提前。 It is said that Preside

23、nt Jingo will visit our school next week. （right） That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. （wrong） （3） It happens, It occurs 结构中的主语从句不可提前。 It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. （right） That he failed in the examination occurred to him. （wrong） （4） It doesnt matte

24、r how/whether 结构中的主语从句不可提前。 It doesnt matter whether he is wrong or not. （right） Whether he is wrong or not doesnt matter. （wrong） （5） 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时，主语从句不可提前。 Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? （right） Is that will rain in the evening likely? （wrong） 4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别 What 引导主语从

25、句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语、宾语、表语，而that 则不然。 1） What you said yesterday is right. 2） That she is still alive is a consolation.二宾语从句宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句，通常放在主句谓语动词（及物动词）或介词之后。 1. 作动词的宾语 （1） 由that引导的宾语从句（that 通常可以省略）,例如： I heard that be joined the army. （2） 由what, whether （if） 引导的宾语从句，例如： 1） She did not know

26、what had happened. 2） I wonder whether you can change this note for me. （3） 动词间接宾语宾语从句。 She told me that she would accept my invitation. 2. 作介词的宾语 例如：Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 3. 作形容词的宾语I am afraid （that） Ive made a mistake. That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语： Anxious,

27、 aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。 4. It 可以作为形式宾语 It 不仅可以作为形式主语，还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾，特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 We heard it that she would get m

28、arried next month. 5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词这类动词有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语，但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。 I admire their winning the match. （right） I admire that they won the match. （wrong） 6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词 有些动词不可用于“动词间接宾语that从句“结构中，常见的有Envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。 He impressed the manager as an honest