高中英语语法考点纵览第7章 介词.docx

1、高中英语语法考点纵览第7章 介词高中英语语法考点纵览第七章 介词一、概述介词又叫做前置词，一般置于名词前。介词是一种虚词，在句中不能单独作任何句子成分，只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他句子成分。介词只有跟有宾语，构成相应的介词结构，才能在句子中充当成分。本章首先介绍了介词的分类，从构成、词义两方面分别予以阐述。接着，介绍了介词的作用，介词最直接地作用就是跟有宾语构成构成介宾结构，介宾结构才能在句中充当成分。由介宾结构进而阐述了介词的位置，一般情况下紧放在相应宾语的前面，但有些时候，由于受到某种语法、句法及固定用法的约束，也会出现特殊情况，即介词后并没有紧跟宾语或介词位于句尾。最后介绍了

2、常用介词的用法及相关介词及介词词组的比较，内容详实，全面剖析。此章内容比较整齐，系统性较强。要从分类、作用、位置、介词（短语）的常用法等方面把握，为了更好地理解、把握介词。最后予以了详细总结归纳，并提炼本章精华，构造了本章知识网，要抓住知识网进行发散，全面掌握介词。二、分类1、从介词的构成来看，介词可分为以下五种。（1）简单介词：指由一个单一单词构成，常见的有：at、in、for、from、on、under、above、beyond、by、over、off、to、near、of、with、up、like、down、during、except、but、beside、besides、behind、

3、among、between、along、against、across、round等。（2）复合介词：由两个介词组合而成，常见的有：as for、as to、into、out of、within、outside、inside、without、throughout、upon等。（3）二重介词，由两个介词搭配而成，但没复合介词固定，常见的有：from under、from behind、until after等。（4）现在分词介词：由现在分词构成，常见的有：concerning、regarding、including、respecting、saving等。（5）短语介词：由短语构成，常见的有：bec

4、ause of、according to、in spite of、on behalf of、with reference to、out of、but for、ahead of、apart from、due to、as concerns、for want of、with a view to、for the sake of、in the event of等。2、从介词的词义来看，常表示以下几种含义。如：（1）表时间，如：at、about、before、after、for、since、until、during、over、on、till、to、within、as、around、by等。（2）表地点，如

5、：at、in、on、under、above、over、behind、off、near、around、below、beneath、beyond、across、along、among、into、towards、throughout等。（3）表示除了，如：except、except for、besides、beyond、but、apart from等。（4）表示所属关系，如：of、with等。（5）表示手段、方式，如：by、with、in等。（6）表示条件，如：on、without、considering等。（7）表示原因，如：for、at、with、about、because of、due to等

6、。（8）表示比较，如：as、like等。（9）表示关于，如：as to、as for、concerning、in respect of、about、on、regarding、with regard to等。（10）表示反对或赞成，如：for、against等。（11）表示让步，如：in spite of、despite、not with standing等。三、作用介词必须同其他词类或成分连用才能在句中充当语法成分。介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语，介词短语在句中可充当下列以下成分。如：1、主语From our dormitory to the teaching building is five

7、-minute riding.Between two and three people will do the job.2、表语Some people are against the decision.The book is on the desk.3、宾语The criminal will serve a sentence of between 2 and 7 years.The boy shows up from behind the door.4、定语The girl with a long hair is so beautiful.A friend in need is a frien

8、d indeed.5、状语He arrived home at about ten oclock at night.Considering the time of the meeting, we should get up early.6、补语I found the old man in bad condition of health.He was elected as president of the country.上面我们提到，介词后必须跟有宾语才能构成介词短语，在句中充当一定的成分，下面讲述关于介词的宾语问题。介词的宾语不仅限于名词和代词，还可以是其他词类或句子等。（1）名词He ca

9、me into the room and sat on the chair.The professor will make a lecture about education.（2）代词With that, he left off.He always carries the cell phone with him.（3）形容词In common with others, he also likes Chairman Mao.At most, there are four people in the room.（4）副词He could see the mountain clearly from

10、 here.He had told me this until recently.（5）动名词The man had some difficulty in doing the job.Because of being late for school, the boy was criticized by his teacher.（6）不定式He couldnt do anything but wait.The girl knew better to love the man.（7）介词短语He worked until into the night.He came from opposite t

11、he shop.（8）数词One in ten students has the chance to take part in the exam.After school, the students leave in twos and threes.（9）疑问词+不定式He gave me some advice on how to do the job.He called to remind me of where to meet.（10）疑问词引导的从句I care about who will win the game.I had no idea as to whether he wil

12、l follow me.（11）that引导从句He liked English in that he had great interest in it.I would attend the meeting but that I am seriously ill.对上述内容予以补充说明以下几点：1、介词后一般用动名词做宾语,用不定式作宾语只局限在一些固定句型中，如：cant choose but do sth、cant help but do sth、have no（other）choice but to do sth、do nothing but do sth、would rather（so

13、oner）than do sth、could do no other wise than（to）do sth、know better than to do等结构中。应注意，当介词后的不定式用以解释句中实义动词do时，不定式符号to可省略，即用动词原形作介词宾语，如上述结构中的do nothing but do、cant do anything except do等。2、应注意的是除了in that、except that、save that、but that、not with standing that外，that引导的从句不可直接作介词的宾语，必须借用形式宾语it，然后再加相应that从句。

14、如：You cant depend on it that he gives you any help.3、形容词作介词宾语情况是不多的，常用于固定词组中。如：in common、in short、at most、at least、for the better、in full、in earnest、for sure、from bad to worse、at large、of old、in the wrong、of late、to the full、on the whole等。四、位置1、介词通常位于名词或代词前。如：There are many birds in the tree.Did you

15、 believe in him?2、在某些特殊句法结构中，介词也可放在句尾。如：（1）以which、what、whose、who引导的疑问句，介词常放在句尾。如：Which are you pointing at?What room do you live in?Who are you talking to?（2）定语从句中位于which、whom之前的介词可以放在句尾。如：He is the man that/who he turns to for help.The man is his teammate that/who he often walks with.（3）某些以-wh词引导的名词性从句中，关系代词位于从句句首时，介词应后置。如：I dont know what the boy looks like.Courage is what he is in need of when he fails.（4）动词不定式作状语，需要介词同句中主语构成介宾关系时，介词后置。如：The room is comfortable to live in.The water is hot to bathe in.（5）动词不定式作后置定语，不及物动词后的介词同所修饰的名词构成介宾关系，介词后置。如：That is a good place to go