高考英语总复习 非谓语动词用法.docx

1、高考英语总复习 非谓语动词用法非谓语动词总复习第一讲 动词不定式的用法动词不定式是由 to + 动词原形构成。它在句中起着名词，形容词和副词的作用，可以担任除谓语以外的其它任何成分。所以动词不定式又称为非谓语动词。I. 使用动词不定式应注意的问题。1.动词不定式的否定形式： not + to + 动词原形 The teacher told us not to swim in that river. 老师告诉我们不要在那条河里游泳。 Its unfair not to tell us. 没告诉我们真是不公平。2.带逻辑主语的不定式：动词不定式可以带有自己的逻辑主语，构成方法是： for + 逻辑

2、主语 + 不定式。 注意：逻辑主语用宾格形式， for 本身无实际意义，它只表明后面的主语从逻辑上分析是不定式的主语。 Its necessary for us to help each other. 我们互相帮忙是必要的。 There is much work for me to finish. 有许多工作要我去完成。 3.带疑问词的不定式：疑问词who, what, which, when, where, how, why 可以加在不定式的前面，构成不定式短语，使含义更加具体。 Where to go is not known yet. 去什么地方还不知道。 I dont know whe

3、n to begin. 我不知道什么时间开始。 Can you tell me where to get the battery? 你能告诉我哪儿能买到电池吗？ Do you know how to get to the station? 你知道怎样去车站吗？ 4.动词不定式的被动形式：表示不定式动词同其逻辑主语是被动关系 。He is the man to be examined. 他是受检查的人。 There is much work to be done. 有好多工作要做。I dont want to be treated as a child. 我不愿被当成小孩那样对待我。This p

4、ath needs to be broadened. 这条路需要拓宽。That lazy boy deserves to be punished. 那个懒孩子应该受到惩罚。The novel is said to have been published.据说这部小说已经出版了。 5.动词不定式的时态：动词不定式一般时：表示动作和句中谓语动词的动作同时发生或之后发生。I helped him put the things into the car. 我帮助他把东西放进了汽车。 I want to see you again. 我想再见到你。 Would you like to have a re

5、st? 你愿意休息一下吗？ 动词不定式完成时：a.动词不定式完成时表示动词不定式的动作在句中谓语动词的动作之前发生。We are sorry to have kept you waiting so long. 对不起，我们让你久等了。 They seem to have known the answers. 他们好像知道了答案。 He is considered to have finished the task.认为他已经完成任务了。 I regret to have been with her for so many years.我很后悔和她一起呆了那么多年。The novel is sa

6、id to have been published.据说这部小说已经出版了。b.动词不定式完成时表示“过去本想做某事但未做”的虚拟语气。（a）should like /would like/ would love to have done 例如：I would like to have stayed at home yesterday, but he asked me to have a meeting.昨天我本来想呆在家里，但他要我开会。（b）was/were to have done 表示应该做某事但没有实现。例如：We were to have rested last Sunday, b

7、ut we had to collect materials for the meeting.上个星期天我们该休息，但我们得为会议收集材料。（c）hope/ expect/ mean/ promise/ suppose/ think/ want/ wish + to have done 表示过去未实现的愿望。例如：We hoped to have caught the early bus, but it left.我本来希望赶上早班车，但车走了。(=We had hoped to catch the early bus, but it left.) 动词不定式进行时：表示动词不定式的动作正在进

8、行。 When I came in, the boys pretended to be reading.我进来的时候，孩子们假装在读书。They seem to be working hard. 他们好像在努力工作。II.动词不定式的时态和语态表（ 以动词write 为例） 主动语态被动语态 一般式to writeto be written进行式to be writing完成式to have written to have been written III. 动词不定式在句子中的作用1. 动词不定式作主语： To master a language is not an easy thing.

9、掌握一门语言不是一件容易的事情。 To teach English is my favorite. 教英语是我的爱好。 Its my pleasure to help you. 很乐意帮助你。 动词不定式作主语时可以放在后面，而用 it 作形式主语放在原主语的位置上。 Its very kind of you to have given us much help. 你给了我们那么多的帮助真是太好了。 Its necessary to find the witness. 有必要找到目击者。 Its difficult for him to learn English well. 他学好英语很困难

10、。注意：It is + adj.+ of sb.+ to do sth.是someone is + adj.+ to do sth. 的强调式。即把形容词提到句子的强调地位。这时句中sb.即是形容词的逻辑主语， 又是不定式的逻辑主语。It is+形容词+for sb.+ to do sth.中的sb.只能作不定式的逻辑主语。 也就是说，sb.既是形容词的逻辑主语，又是不定式的逻辑主语时sb.前面用of，如果sb.只能作不定式的逻辑主语时，sb.前面用for。如： It is very important for you to master a foreign language.你们掌握一门外语

11、是非常重要的。 句中的you就只能作不定式的逻辑主语。 It is very brave of you to have done it for the soldier.你真勇敢，为士兵做了这件事情。 句中的you是形容词和不定式的共同主语。 用于这一句型的形容词中学课本中出现的还有：careful，careless， clever，courageous，foolish，good，honest， nice， polite， right，silly，wise，wrong，grateful，naughty等。 注意：此类形容词绝大多数是说明某人品质、特性或行为方式的主动形容词。2. 动词不定式作宾语

12、： 接动词不定式作宾语的动词有： decide, desire, expect, hope, mean, pretend, promise, refuse, undertake, want, wish, agree, manage等。我们用这样一个虚构词“merdowphfla”，其汉语谐音为“磨豆腐喽” 帮助归纳记忆。每一个字母代表一个英语单词。m-mean(打算),manage(设法)；e-expect(期盼)；r-refuse(拒绝)；d-dare(敢)，desire(渴望), determine(决心)，decide(决定),demand（要求)；o-offer(企图);w-want(

13、想要)，wish(希望)；p-promise(答应)，pretend(假装),plan(计划)；h-hope; fail(失败),l-long(渴望)，learn(学习)； a-ask(要求), arrange(安排)。例如：I have decided to be a good teacher.我决定要当一位好教师。He refused to come to the party.他不肯来出席这个晚会。That stranger asked to see the manager. 那位陌生人要求见经理。I fear to offend him. 我怕得罪他。I dont care to see

14、 him again.我不愿再见到他。Weve arranged to drop by at six oclock.我们已经安排在六点钟访问。He failed to follow the instructions.他没有按照说明书来做。The girl had no choice but to cry. 那女孩除了哭以外，就没有别的选择。注意：在cant help but, cant choose but, cant but，had better, would rather, rather than 和 dobut/except/besides 结构中，后面的动词不定式符号“to”常常省略。

15、例如：Mr. Cheng couldnt help but leave. 程老师只好离开。I could do other things besides play football after school. 放学后，我除了踢足球还可以做其它事情。The boy can do everything but speak. 那男孩什么都能做，除了说话。You had better leave here for the moment.你最好暂时离开这儿。I would rather stay at home on Sunday 星期天我宁愿呆在家里。He prefers to work on the

16、 farm rather than do his homework at home.他宁愿在农场干活也不愿意在家做作业。动词不定式作宾语，后面又有宾语补足语时，常用it 作形式宾语，而把真正的宾语不定式放在后面。例如：We found it difficult to learn a foreign language. 我们发现学习外语很困难。I think it wrong to come late for class.我认为上课迟到是不对的。 teach, decide, wonder, show, learn, forget, ask, find out, advise, discuss等

17、动词后面可以接what, which, when, where, how, whether 等 +不定式。例如：He teaches us how to learn English well.他教我们怎样学习好英语。We discussed where to buy the computer.我们讨论了哪里能买这种电脑。He didnt tell us when to start out. 他没有告诉我们何时出发。在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语、补语的动词不定式再次出现时，to后面的内容常常承前省略（to留下），但如果有助动词have 或be 的任何形式，应该保留原形be或h

18、ave。例如：Whod like to go with me? Id like to.谁想跟我一起去？我。China is not what it used to be.中国已经不是过去的中国了。You are late. You ought to have come five minutes ago.你迟到了。你应该五分钟以前到。I know I ought to have.我知道我应该。3. 动词不定式作宾语补语。 例如：We expect you to be with us. 我们希望你和我们在一起。 Please ask him to come here quickly. 请叫他快过来

19、。 注意：接动词不定式作宾语补足语的情况。主语+ ask/ require/ tell/ order/ force/ get/ want/ like/ expect/ advise/ allow/ permit/ forbid sb. to do sth. He asked me to work hard for the people.他要求我们为人民努力学习。 She tells us not to come late. 她叫我们不要迟到。 主语 + think/judge/suppose/believe/consider/feel sb. to beI think him to be ho

20、nest. 我认为他诚实。I believe her to be a good student. 我相信她是个好学生。主语 + think/judge/suppose/believe/consider/feel sb. to have done We considered him to have been to the U.S.我们认为他去过美国。 He is considered to have been to Beijing. 有人认为他去过北京。主语+ hear（listen to, see, watch, notice, observe, look at, feel, have, le

21、t , make）sb. do 即hear, listen to, see, watch, notice, observe, look at, feel, have, let , make 后面接动词不定时作宾语补足语不带to。例如：I saw him go out just now. 我刚才看见她出去了。He made us do a lot of homework.他让我们做很多作业。这些动词可以用下面口诀帮助记忆。不定式作宾补何时不带to？ 下面口诀给予帮助。 二听、五看、一感觉， 使役动词有三个，help可带,可不带（to) ， 所以把它排在外。二听：hear, listen to 五

22、看：see, watch, notice, observe, look at一感觉：feel 三个使役动词：have, let, make 例如：She felt somebody touch her hair.She let me read her diary.I made him tell the truth.Did you hear him say that yourself?We have to help them (to) clean the town.注意：变为被动语态时要加to。 例如：He was made to tell the truth.主语 + call on/ dep

23、end on/ wait for/ ask for sb. to do sth. 例如：He called on us to learn from Lei Feng.他号召我们向雷锋学习。He depends on his parents to give him food and clothing.他依靠父母提供吃穿。4. 动词不定式作表语： What I should do is to finish the task soon. 我应该做的是赶快完成任务。 The most urgent thing is to find the boy immediately. 当务之急是马上去找孩子。注意

24、：不定式作表语，其主语通常是 job, work，wish, hope, thought, idea, way, method, aim, duty, intention, purpose, suggestion 等。主语和表语同为不定式，其含义往往一个是条件，另一个是结果。Not to grasp firmly is not to grasp at all. 抓而不紧等于不抓。What I wish is to learn English well. 我所希望的是把英语学好。 To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。不定式结构作表语时，通常带to，但是当主语部分有一个动作动

25、词do时（这个do 可以是限定动词形式，也可以是非限定动词形式，而且不论是什么时、体形式均可），用作表语的动词不定式中的to可以省略。例如：What we need to do is (to) reduce our use of energy and use natural forms of energy which are free and which will last for ever. 我们要做的是减少能源的消耗和利用各种天然能源。天然能源是即不花钱，又取之不尽，用之不竭的。All I did is (to) empty the battle. 我只需倒空瓶子。What he has

26、done is (to) serve the people. 他做的事就是救人。All we have to do is (to) push the button. 我们只需要按一下按钮。5. 动词不定式作定语： There are many ways to solve the problem. 有许多方法能解决这个问题。 I have something important to tell you. 我有重要的事情要告诉你。 注意：下面词语chance, wish, courage, need, promise, time, opportunity, way, the first, the

27、second, the last, the only one 等常常接动词不定式作定语。例如： He is always the first to arrive and the last to leave.他总是第一个到达，最后一个离开。There is no need to ask him the question.没有必要问他这个问题。不定式与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上是主谓关系。There is no one to look after her.没有人照顾他。He needs a person to talk with him.他需要一人和他谈话。不定式与它所修饰的名词在逻辑上是动宾关系。S

28、he s looking for a room to live in.她再找房子住。He has a lot of work to do today.他今天有很多工作要做。6. 不定式作状语： 不定式作状语可以作目的状语、原因状语、结果状语、方式状语、表程度状语。English is difficult to learn.英语很难学习。The problem is easy to deal with.这问题很好处理。 Its too dark for us to see anything. 太黑我看不见东西。 The question is simple for him to answer.

29、问题简单要他回答不值得。We went to the hospital to see our teacher. 我们去医院看了我们的老师。She is making a test to get a kind of usefulmedicine from a Tibet flower.她在做试验，从一种西藏花中提取某种有用的药物。不定式作目的状语可以用in order to或so as to 表示，但so as to 不能放在句首。例如：In order to go to key university, he studies hard.为了上重点大学，他学习很用功。 He sat in the

30、front in order to/so as to see more clearly.=He sat in the front so that/in order that he could see more clearly. 为了看得更清楚，他坐在前排。(目的)He went to a big city in order to/ so as to find a good job.=He went to a big city so that/in order that he could find a good job. 为了找一个好工作，她去了大城市。(目的) 动词不定式作结果状语常常可以用以

31、下结构。 so as to；so + adj/adv + as to do 如此以致；enough to do 足够做；too + adj /adv to do太而不能；suchas to do如此以致 例如：He sat in the front so as to see more clearly.=He sat in the front so that he saw more clearly. 他坐在前排，结果看得更清楚。(结果) She got up early so as to catch the first train.=She got up so early that she caught the first train. 他起床很早结果赶上了早班车。(结果) He was so kind as to give me a lot of help.他很善良结果帮了我很多忙。 The boy is old enough to join the army.那孩子达到了参军的年龄。 He is too