组合机床论文中英文资料外文翻译文献文档格式.docx

1、The second major benefit of transfer and unit machine technology is consistent and accurate workpieces. Todays transfer and unit machines boast almost unbelievable accuracy and repeatability specifications. This means that once a program is verified, two, ten, or one thousand identical workpieces ca

2、n be easily produced with precision and consistency.rd benefit offered by most forms of transfer and unit machine tools is flexibility. Since these machines are run from programs, running a different workpiece is almost as easy as loading a different program. Once a program has been verified and exe

3、cuted for one production run, it can be easily recalled the next time the workpiece is to be run. This leads to yet another benefit, fast change over. Since these machines are very easy to set up and run, and since programs can be easily loaded, they allow very short setup time. This is imperative w

4、ith todays just-in-time （JIT） product requirements.Motion control - the heart of transfer and unit machineThe most basic function of any transfer and unit machine is automatic, precise, and consistent motion control. Rather than applying completely mechanical devices to cause motion as is required o

5、n most conventional machine tools, transfer and unit machines allow motion control in a revolutionary manner2. All forms of transfer and unit machine equipment have two or more directions of motion, called axes. These axes can be precisely and automatically positioned along their lengths of travel.

6、The two most common axis types are linear （driven along a straight path） and rotary （driven along a circular path）.Instead of causing motion by turning cranks and handwheels as is required on conventional machine tools, transfer and unit machines allow motions to be commanded through programmed comm

7、ands. Generally speaking, the motion type （rapid, linear, and circular）, the axes to move, the amount of motion and the motion rate （feedrate） are programmable with almost all transfer and unit machine tools.A transfer and unit machine command executed within the control tells the drive motor to rot

8、ate a precise number of times. The rotation of the drive motor in turn rotates the ball screw. And the ball screw drives the linear axis （slide）. A feedback device （linear scale） on the slide allows the control to confirm that the commanded number of rotations has taken place3. Refer to fig.1.Fig.1T

9、hough a rather crude analogy, the same basic linear motion can be found on a common table vise. As you rotate the vise crank, you rotate a lead screw that, in turn, drives the movable jaw on the vise. By comparison, a linear axis on a transfer and unit machine machine tool is extremely precise. The

10、number of revolutions of the axis drive motor precisely controls the amount of linear motion along the axis.How axis motion is commanded - understanding coordinate systemsIt would be infeasible for the transfer and unit machine user to cause axis motion by trying to tell each axis drive motor how ma

11、ny times to rotate in order to command a given linear motion amount4. （This would be like having to figure out how many turns of the handle on a table vise will cause the movable jaw to move exactly one inch!） Instead, all transfer and unit machine controls allow axis motion to be commanded in a muc

12、h simpler and more logical way by utilizing some form of coordinate system. The two most popular coordinate systems used with transfer and unit machines are the rectangular coordinate system and the polar coordinate system. By far, the more popular of these two is the rectangular coordinate system.T

13、he program zero point establishes the point of reference for motion commands in a transfer and unit machine program. This allows the programmer to specify movements from a common location. If program zero is chosen wisely, usually coordinates needed for the program can be taken directly from the pri

14、nt.With this technique, if the programmer wishes the tool to be sent to a position one inch to the right of the program zero point, X1.0 is commanded. If the programmer wishes the tool to move to a position one inch above the program zero point, Y1.0 is commanded. The control will automatically dete

15、rmine how many times to rotate each axis drive motor and ball screw to make the axis reach the commanded destination point . This lets the programmer command axis motion in a very logical manner. Refer to fig.2, 3.Fig.2Fig.3All discussions to this point assume that the absolute mode of programming i

16、s used6. The most common transfer and unit machine word used to designate the absolute mode is G90. In the absolute mode, the end points for all motions will be specified from the program zero point. For beginners, this is usually the best and easiest method of specifying end points for motion comma

17、nds. However, there is another way of specifying end points for axis motion.In the incremental mode （commonly specified by G91）, end points for motions are specified from the tools current position, not from program zero. With this method of commanding motion, the programmer must always be asking Ho

18、w far should I move the tool? While there are times when the incremental mode can be very helpful, generally speaking, this is the more cumbersome and difficult method of specifying motion and beginners should concentrate on using the absolute mode.Be careful when making motion commands. Beginners h

19、ave the tendency to think incrementally. If working in the absolute mode （as beginners should）, the programmer should always be asking To what position should the tool be moved? This position is relative to program zero, NOT from the tools current position.Aside from making it very easy to determine

20、 the current position for any command, another benefit of working in the absolute mode has to do with mistakes made during motion commands. In the absolute mode, if a motion mistake is made in one command of the program, only one movement will be incorrect. On the other hand, if a mistake is made du

21、ring incremental movements, all motions from the point of the mistake will also be incorrect.Assigning program zeroKeep in mind that the transfer and unit machine control must be told the location of the program zero point by one means or another. How this is done varies dramatically from one transf

22、er and unit machine and control to another8. One （older） method is to assign program zero in the program. With this method, the programmer tells the control how far it is from the program zero point to the starting position of the machine. This is commonly done with a G92 （or G50） command at least a

23、t the beginning of the program and possibly at the beginning of each tool.Another, newer and better way to assign program zero is through some form of offset. Refer to fig.4. Commonly machining center control manufacturers call offsets used to assign program zero fixture offsets. Turning center manu

24、facturers commonly call offsets used to assign program zero for each tool geometry offsets.Fig. 4 Flexible manufacturing cellsA flexible manufacturing cell （FMC） can be considered as a flexible manufacturing subsystem. The following differences exist between the FMC and the FMS:1. An FMC is not unde

25、r the direct control of thecentral computer. Instead, instructions from the centralcomputer are passed to the cell controller.2. The cell is limited in the number of part families itcan manufacture.The following elements are normally found in an FMC: Cell controller Programmable logic controller （PL

26、C） More than one machine tool A materials handling device （robot or pallet）The FMC executes fixed machining operations with parts flowing sequentially between operations. High speed machiningThe term High Speed Machining （HSM） commonly refers to end milling at high rotational speeds and high surface

27、 feeds. For instance, the routing of pockets in aluminum airframe sections with a very high material removal rate1. Over the past 60 years, HSM has been applied to a wide range of metallic and non-metallic workpiece materials, including the production of components with specific surface topography r

28、equirements and machining of materials with hardness of 50 HRC and above. With most steel components hardened to approximately 32-42 HRC, machining options currently include: Rough machining and semi-finishing of the material in its soft （annealed） condition heat treatment to achieve the final requi

29、red hardness = 63 HRC machining of electrodes and Electrical Discharge Machining （EDM） of specific parts of dies and moulds （specifically small radii and deep cavities with limited accessibility for metal cutting tools） finishing and super-finishing of cylindrical/flat/cavity surfaces with appropriate cemented carbide, cermet, solid carbide, mixed ceramic or polycrystalline cubic boron nitride （PC