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定语从句及相关术语Word文档格式.docx

1、而且,如果 which 在从句中作 不及物动词+介词 ”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词 which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与 which之间的介词不能丢3. 代表物时多用 which,但在带有下列词的句子中用 that而不用 which ,这些词包括当先行词是 anything, everyth ing, no thi ng , none 等不定代词时, 或者是由 every,any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等修饰时等,这时的 that常被省略 还有

2、先行词前有序数词或形容词最高级修饰时 ,或先行词就是序数词或最高级时 .以及先行词中既有人又有物时.还有句中前面有 which时,都只能用that4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人, 分别作从句中的主语和宾语, whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的宾语二、 关系副词关系副词=介词+关系代词why=for whichwhere=i n/ at/ on/ . which ( 介词同先行词搭配 )whe n=duri ng/ on/ in/ . which ( 介词同先行词搭配 )whose=of which/ whom1. where 是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句

3、2. whe n引导定语从句表示时间注值得一提的是,表示时间 “ time 一词的定语从句只用 when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用 that引导By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to bus in ess trip, he brings a lot of livi ng n ecessities, such as towels, soap, too

4、thbrush etc.3. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 .它引导的从句可以修饰人和物 ,当它引导的从句修饰物体时 ,可以与 of which 调换,表达的意思一样.4. 当从句的逻辑主语是 some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody,something, anything, everything 或 nothing 时,常用 there is 来弓丨导There is somebody here who wants to speak to you. 这里有人要和你说话。(二)非限定性定语从句非限定性定语从句的作用是

5、对所修饰的成分作进一步说明, 通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开,将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立1. which引导的非限定性定语从句来说明前面整个句子的情况或主句的某一部2. 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时,其后的定语从句通常是 非限制性的,例如:查理史密斯去年我去年买的的那这本小说很动人,Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year. 退休了,他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garde n. 幢房子带着个漂亮的花

6、园。This no vel, which I have read three times, is very touch ing. 我已经读了三遍。3. 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词 ,对其进行修饰,这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,例如:He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思,这使我心烦。Liquid water cha nges to vapor, which is called evaporati on. 液态水变为蒸汽,这就叫做蒸发。4. 有时as也可用作关系

7、代词5. 在非限定性定语从句中,不能用关系副词 why和关系代词that,而用who,whom代表人,用 which,whose 代表事物.;(三)关系代词引导的定语从句1. who指人在从句中做主语(1) The boys who are playi ng football are from Class One.(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom 指人,在定语从句中充当宾语,常可省略。(注: who和whom 已无太大区别,可以通用。)(1) Mr. Liu is the pers on (whom) you

8、talked about on the bus.(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.(3) The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.注意:关系代词 whom在口语和非正式语体中常用 who代替,可省略。如果在从句中做宾语 ,就用 whom 或who.比如:He is the man whom/who I talk to.如果是在从句中作主语就只能用 who.比如:He is the man who has an Englishbook.3. which指物,在定语从句中做主语或者宾

9、语,做宾语时可省略(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.4. that指人时,相当于 who或者 whom ;指物时,相当于 which 。在定语从句中做主语或者宾语,做宾语时可省略。(5) The nu mber of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one milli on.(6) Where is the man that/whom I saw

10、this morning?5. whose 通常指人,也可指物,在定语从句中做定语(1) He has a friend whose father is a doctor.(2) I once lived in a house whose roof has falle n in. whose 指物时,常用以下结构来代替(3) The classroom whose door is broke n will soon be repaired.(4) The classroom the door of which is broke n will soon be repaired.(5) Do yo

11、u like the book whose color is yellow?(6) Do you like the book the color of which is yellow?(4) 注意介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时从句常由介词 +关系代词引导(1) The school (that/which) he once studied in is very famous.(2) The school in which he once studied is very famous.(3) Tomorrow I will bring here a magazine

12、 (that/which) you asked for.(4) Tomorrow I will bring here a magaz ine for which you asked.(5) We II go to hear the famous sin ger (whom/that/who) we have ofte n talked about.ll go to hear the famous sin ger about whom we have ofte n talked. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用,of等(1) This is the watch which/that I am

13、look ing for. (T(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F2. 若介词放在关系代词前,关系代词指人时用指物时用 which,不能用that ;关系代词是所有格时用(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)(2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)(3) The pla ne in which we flew to Can ada is very comfortable. (T)(4) The pla ne in

14、 that we flew in to Can ada is very comfortable. (F)3. 介词 + 关系代词 前可有 some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词(1) He loved his pare nts deeply, both of whom are very ki nd to him.(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.(3) There are forty students

15、 in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.(五)关系副词引导的定语从句1. whe n指时间,在定语从句中做时间状语(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.(2) The time whe n we got together fin ally came.2. where指地点,在定语从句中做地点状语(1) Shan ghai is the city where I was born.(2) The house where I lived ten

16、years ago has bee n pulled dow n.3. why指原因,在定语从句中做原因状语(1) Please tell me the reas on why you missed the pla ne.(2) I don t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.关系副词引导的从句可以由 介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,(2) From the year whe n/in which he w

17、as going to school he bega n to know what he wan ted whe n he grew up.(3) Great cha nges have take n place in the city in which./where I was born.(6) 判断关系代词与关系副词而及物动词后接宾语,词后面无宾语, 就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词; 则要求用关系代词。例如:This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.ni n ever forget the days whe n I

18、 worked together with you.判断改错(注:先显示题,再显示答案,横线;用不同的颜色表示出。(错) This is the mountain village where I visited last year.(错) I will n ever forget the days whe n I spe nt in the coun tryside.(对) This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.(对) ni n ever forget the days (which) I spe nt in the

19、coun tryside.where, whe n 联系在一起。此两题(主、谓、宾、定、状 ),也能正确you visited a few days ago?习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 错在关系词的误用上。方法二: 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分选择出关系代词 /关系副词。例 1. Is this museumA. where B. that C. on which D. the one例 2. Is this the museum the exhibition was held?A. where B. that C. on which D. the one 答案:例1 D,例2

20、 A例 1 变为肯定句: This museum is you visited a few days ago. 例 2 变为肯定句: This is the museum the exhibiti on was held.在句1中,is后应跟表语,只有 the one 可以,而后面的 you visited a few days ago则做one的定语从句。而句2中,主、谓、宾俱全,从句部分为句子的状语表地点,既可用副词 where,又因in the museum 词组,可用介词 in + which 弓I导地点状语。而此题中,介词 on用的不对,所以选 A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分

21、,先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时,选 择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose) ;先行词在从句中做状语时,应选择关系副词 (where 地点状语,whe n时间状语,why原因状语)。(七)介词+关系词1) 介词后面的关系词不能省略。2) that前不能有介词。3) 某些在从句中充当时间,地点或原因状语的 介词+关系词”结构可以同关系畐U词 when ,where 禾口 why 互换。 This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two yea

22、rs ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day whe n you joined our club?This is the reas on why he came late.This is the reas on for which he came late.(八)先行词和关系词二合一Whoever spits in public will be puni shed here. (Whoever 可以用 anyonewho 代替) 2)The parents will use

23、 what they have to send their son to technical school. (what 可以用 all that 代替)(九)as,which弓I导的非限定性定语从句由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句, as和which可代整个主句, 相当于andthis或and that。As 一般放在句首, which 在句中。As we know, smok ing is harmful to on es health.The sun heats the earth, which is very importa nt to us.典型例题1) Alice re

24、ceived an invitation from her boss, came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. which D. he答案C.此为非限定性从句,不能用 that修饰,而用 which.,it和he都使后 句成为句子,两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选 he句意不通。2) The weather turned out to be very good, was more than we couldexpect.A. what B. which C. that D. it答案B。which可代替句子,用于非限定性定语从句,而 what不可。That

25、不能用于非限定性定语从句,it不为连词,使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3) It rained hard yesterday, prevented me from going to the park.A. that B. which C. as D. it答案B.as和which在引导非限制性定语从句时,这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整 个意思,且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点:(1) as引导的定语从句可置于句首,而 which不可。(2) as代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时, 从句中的谓语必须是系动词;若为行为动词,则从句中的关系代词只能用

26、which. o在本题中,preve nt由于是行为动词,所以正确选项应为 B。As的用法例1. the sameas ; suchas 中的as 是一种固定结构 ,和 一样 。I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例 2. as 可引导非限制性从句,常带有 正如 。As we know, smoking is harmful to oneAs is known, smoking is harmful to oneAs 是关系代词。例 1 中的 as 作 know 的宾语;例 2 中,它充当从句的主语,谓语动词 know 要用被动式。一、 “

27、as / which 特殊定语从句的先行成分1. 形容词或形容词短语作先行成分 , 具有形容词意义的介词短语也可以充当先 行成分,如:My g randmothers house was always of great importance to me, as my own is.在一定的语言环境里,有些名词可以具有形容词的性质。这些名词主要是那些表 示人的身份、 职业、状态的名词。 值得一提的是, 在这些具有形容词性质的名词之后, 引导定语从句的关系代词不能用 who / whom.2. 动词短语先行成分这种动词短语既可是限定形式也可是非限定形式。如果是动态动词短语,它们在 从句中就一般有限

28、定或非限定形式的替代动词 do 和 as / which 一起代替。 do 可以出现,也可以不出现,但不能用其它动词代替。3. 句子作先行成分这句子可以是整个主句也可以只是主句中的一个从句。有时是连续几个句子,有 时甚至可以是一个完整的故事。二、 “ as/which 特殊定语从句在句中的位置 由于先行成分的构成成分不同, “as/which ”特殊定语从句在句中的位置有以下几种情况:1. 形容词做先行成分时:形容词或形容词短语(含具有形容词性质的名词)作 先行成分, “as / which 特”殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。2. 动词短语作先行成分时:动词短语作先行成分时, “as / whi

29、ch 特”殊定语从句置于先行成分之后。但是,当从句中含有表示主观意志的插入成分时, “ as”殊定语从句可以移至句子之首。3. 句子作先行成分时: “as”殊定语从句的位置较灵活, 可以置于先行成分之前、之中或之后。但如果先行成分是直接引语, “ as特殊定语从句多在先行成分之前。如果先行成分是否定句, “ as特殊定语从句与否定词的相对位置不同可以使它产生不同的意义。由于 “ as特殊定语从句具有这一特点,所以有时它的位置不能随便移动。在非正式的文体里, “which ”特殊定语从句可以出现在先行成分之中。三、 “as/which 特殊定语从句的语义功能一般说来, as 与 which 的语义功能相同,可以相互替换。但先行成分为句子时, 它们的语义功能则有差异。1. 表示结果从句中往往表示结果的特殊定语从句与其先行成分之间存在着一定的因果关系,使用有结果意义的词,如动词 result, make, en able, cause 和形容词in terest in g,surpris ing, delightful, disgraceful 等。2. 表示评注表示评注的特殊定语从句

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