最新《新编简明英语语言学教程》16章期末复习Word格式文档下载.docx

1、It aims to lay down rules for ”correct” behavior, to tell people what they should say and what should not say. 描述性Descriptive A linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use. （2）Synchronic and diachronic 共时和历时The description of a language at some point in time is a synchro

2、nic study; the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study is more important.历时语言学Diachronic linguistics The study of language change through time. a diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the historic

3、al development of language over a period of time. 共时语言学Synchronical linguistics The study of a given language at a given time. （3）Speech and writing 口头语与书面语Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the writ

4、ten form. Reasons are: 1. Speech precedes writing; 2. There are still many languages that have only the spoken form; 3. In terms of function, the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than the written, and carries a larger load of communication than the written.（4）Langue and parole 语

5、言和言语 必考名解P4The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made the distinction between langue and parole early 20th century.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Saussure made the distinction

6、in order to single out one aspect of language for serious study. He believes what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole, to discover the regularities governing the actual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.语言langue （抽象）The abstract linguistic system sh

7、ared by all members of a speech community. 言语parole （具体）The realization of langue in actual use. （5）Competence and performance 语言能力和语言运用Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s.He defines competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actu

8、al realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. He believes the task of the linguists is to discover and specify the language rules.语言能力Competence （抽象）Competence is the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language. 语言运用performance （具体）Performance is the actual realization of this

9、 knowledge in linguistic communication. 语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。（6）Traditional grammar and modern linguistics 传统语法和现代语法It is generally believed that the beginning of modern linguistics was marked by the publication of Fde Saussure s book “Course in General Linguistics” in the early 20th century. Befo

10、re that is traditional grammar.Differences between traditional grammar and modern linguistics:Modern linguistics is descriptive while traditional grammar is prescriptive.Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, not the written.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar als

11、o in that it does not force languages into a Latin-based framework.（Modern linguistics is descriptive, its investigations are based on authentic and mainly spoken language date.现代语言学是描述性的，其研究以确实可靠的、主要以口语形式的资料为基础。traditional grammar is prescriptive. it is based on high written language. 传统语法是规定性的，研究高

12、级书面语。 ）1.2什么是语言1.2.1 定义语言language：Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。1.2.2 Design features of language 必考P8It refers to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.语言识别特征是指人类语言区别

13、与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。 Arbitrariness任意性 Productivity多产性 （创造性） Duality双重性 Displacement移位性 Cultural transmission文化传递arbitrariness There is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an u

14、nlimited source of expressions Productivity Animals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send. Duality Language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures ,or two levels. Displacement Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the spea

15、ker. Cultural transmission Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to be taught and learned the details of any language system. this showed that language is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born with the capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their

16、species. 1.2.3 Functions of language 语言的功能Descriptive function, expressive function, social functionSix elements of a speech event specified by Jakobson:Addresser - Emotive 感情功能Addressee - Conative 意动功能Context - Referential 所指功能Message - Poetic 诗歌功能Contact - Phatic communion 寒暄功能Code - Metalinguisti

17、c 无语言功能Chapter Two Phonology2.2 Phonetics（语音学）2.2.1定义Phonetics: the study of the phonic medium of language: it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages.是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究，它关注语言世界中的所有语音2.2.2 Organs of speech3个区域：the pharyngeal cavity 咽腔-the throat，the oral cavity口腔-the mouth，n

18、asal cavity 鼻腔-the nose清音Voiceless When the vocal cords are drawn wide apart ,letting air go through without causing vibration ,the sounds produced in such a condition are called voiceless sounds. 浊音Voicing Sounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voiced sounds. 2.2.3宽式音标和严式音标宽

19、式音标Broad transcription The transcription of speech sounds with letter symbols only. 严式音标Narrow transcription The transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics. 送气Aspirated不送气Unaspirated2.2.4Classification of English speech sounds英语语音的分类Vowel and consonant元音辅音Vowel The sounds

20、in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air stream passes through the vocal tract without obstruction are called vowels. Classification of English consonants a: in terms of the manners of articulation（发音方式）:Stops（爆破音）: pb td kg 6 Fricatives（摩擦音）: /f/ /v/ / / /s/ /

21、z/ / / h/ /r/ 8 Affricatives（塞擦音）: /t/ /d/ Liquids（清音）: /l/ /r/ Nasals（鼻音）: /m,n,/ Glides（滑音）: /w j/ b: in terms of place of articulation（发音部位） bilabials（双唇音）: /p b m w/ labiodentals（唇齿音）: /f v/ dentals（齿音）: / alveolars（齿龈音）: /t d n l r s/ 6 palatals（腭音）: /j t d / 5 velars（软腭音）: /k g/ glottal（喉音）: /

22、h/ Classification of English vowels the position of the tone in mouth: front, central, back, the openness of the mouth: closed semi-closed semi-open and open. c: the shape of the lips: rounded and unrounded d: the length of the vowels: tense and lax or long and short2.3Phonplogy音位学2.3.2Phone, phonem

23、e and allophone音素Phonea phonetic unit or segment. 音位Phonemea collection of abstract sound features, a phonological unit. 音位变体AllophonesDifferent phones which can represent a phoneme in different environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. 2.3.4 explain the sequential rule and the assimil

24、ation rule . 序列规则Sequential rules Rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language. 同化规则Assimilation rules The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by copying a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar. 省略规则Deletion ruleIts a phonological

25、rule which tells us when a sound is to be deleted although its orthographically represented.2.3.5 Suprasegmental features超音段特征重音 Stress声调 ToneTones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords.语调 IntonationChapter Three Morphology 形态学3.2 Open class an

26、d closed classOpen class words 实词，词数可增加Closed class words 虚词，词数稳定3.3 Morphemes 词素词素Morpheme The basic unit in the study of morphology and the smallest meaningful unit of language. 自由词素Free Morpheme Free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. 黏着词素Bound mo

27、rphemes Bound morphemes are these morphemes that canot be used by themselves, must be combined with other morphemes to form words that can be used independently. 3.4词根Root Root is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. 词缀Affix The collective term for the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. 3.5 Derivational morpheme & inflectional morpheme派生Deriv