MLA和APA格式的区别Word格式.docx

1、而按APA的规范则没有必要在括号夹注中重复作者的姓，如：Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were polar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing （1990）.如果作者的姓氏和文献出版年份均已在正文同一句中出现，按APA的规范不需使用括号夹注，如：In a 1990 article, Taylor claims that Charlotte and Emily Bronte were pol

2、ar opposites, not only in their personalities but in their sources of inspiration for writing. 在英文撰写的论文中引用中文著作或者期刊，括号夹注中只需用汉语拼音标明作者的姓氏，不得使用汉字，如： （Zhu 12） （Zhang, 2005） 3.1.2 引用文献中具体观点或文字 引用文献中某一具体观点或文字时必须注明该观点或者该段文字出现的页码，没有页码是文献引用不规范的表现。例如：Ancient writers attributed the invention of the monochord to

3、 Pythagoras, who lived in the sixth century BC （Marcuse 197）.Monasteries in medieval Europe were not short of speculations about Greek inventions （Marcuse 190-203）.Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” （Taylor, 1988, p. 11）.Newma

4、rk （1988, pp. 39-40） notes three characteristically expressive text-types: （a） serious imaginative literature （e.g. lyrical poetry）; （b） authoritative statements （political speeches and documents, statutes and legal documents, philosophical and academic works by acknowledged authorities）; （c） autobi

5、ography, essays, personal correspondence （when these are personal effusions）.注意在这些例子中引文超过一页时的页码标记方法：MLA的规范是（Marcuse 190-203），而 APA的规范是（1988, pp. 39-40）。 假若作者的姓氏已在正文同一句中出现，则不需要在括号夹注中重复，如：Ancient writers, according to Marcuse, attributed the invention of the monochord to Pythagoras, who lived in the s

6、ixth century BC （197）.Taylor writes that Emily Bronte “expressed increasing hostility for the world of human relationships, whether sexual or social” （1988, p. 11）.3.1.3 引用多位作者写作的同一文献MLA（二至三位作者）：Among intentional spoonerisms, the “punlike metathesis of distinctive features may serve to weld together

7、 words etymologically unrelated but close in their sound and meaning” （Jakobson and Waugh 304）.（如果有三位作者，在括号夹注中应用逗号分隔他们的姓氏，如：（Alton, Davies, and Rice 56）。）MLA（三位以上的作者）：The study was extended for two years, and only after results were reviewed by an independent panel did the researchers publish their

8、findings （Blaine et al. 35）.APA（两位作者）：Research （Yamada & Matsuura, 1982） reports the poor performance of advanced English learners who could use English articles correctly only in 70 percent of the cases. 注意两种规范的括号夹注中分别使用“and”与“&”。APA（三至五位作者）第一次引用：According to educational psychologists, raising chil

9、dren is a responsibility of the entire community （Franklin, Childs, & Smith, 1995）. 以后的引用： To be successful, “communities must be willing to take this responsibility” （Franklin et al., 1995, p. 135）.APA（五位以上的作者）：Patterns of byzantine intrigue have long plagued the internal politics of community coll

10、ege administration in Texas （Douglas et al., 2003） 3.1.4引用同样姓氏的不同作者 假若两个或两个以上的作者有同样的姓氏，则括号夹注中应同时使用他们名字的首字母，如： Although some medical ethicists claim that cloning will lead to designer children （R. Miller 12）, others note that the advantages for medical research outweigh this consideration （A. Miller

11、46）.Well-established SLA researchers （e.g., R. Ellis, 2002） seem rather skeptical of the assertion that repetition alone explains the development of the knowledge of a second language （N. Ellis, 2002）. 引用中文著作或期刊时同姓作者的情况较多，应在括号夹注中使用他们名字的首字母加以区分，如： （S.R. Wang 26） （J.X. Wang 30） （W.Y. Wang, 2003） （L.F.

12、 Wang, 2003, p. 213）3.1.5 引用团体作者（corporate author） 引用团体作者的作品，括号夹注中应使用团体的名称，如：It was apparent that the American health care system needed “to be fixed and perhaps radically modified” （Public Agenda Foundation 4）.Retired officers retain access to all of the universitys educational and recreational fac

13、ilities （Columbia University, 1987, p. 54）. 3.1.6 引用无作者文献 引用无作者文献，如果文献标题没有出现在正文里，则括号夹注中应使用该标题或者（如果标题过长的话）使用该标题中的关键词组，如：An anonymous Wordsworth critic once argued that his poems were too emotional （“Wordsworth Is A Loser” 100）.（“Mad Cow,” 2001） 或者 （Sleep Medicine, 2001） 在使用关键词组时应该选择标题开始部分的词组。 无论是MLA还

14、是APA的规范，独立出版物的标题或者标题中的关键词组用斜体标出，出版物内含的作品的名称以及未出版的作品（讲演、论文等）的标题或者标题中的关键词组用引号标出。3.1.7 引用书信、谈话中的观点或文字 书信和谈话（含电子邮件、访谈、电话等）无法在正文后面的参考文献中列出，但应该在正文中使用括号夹注的方法注明出处。Jesse Moore （telephone conversation, May 12, 1989） admitted the need for an in-depth analysis of the otherness expressed in the work.Mira Ariel （

15、e-mail, April 17, 2004） confirmed that accessibility marking played a crucial role in discourse organization. Researchers may observe that Chinese English majors with no overseas experience often have a better command of English than American foreign language majors with no overseas experience have

16、of the language they study （Eugene Nida, personal communication, November 8, 1986）.3.1.8引用同一作者的多篇文献 按MLA规范，引用同一作者的多篇文献时，在括号夹注中应加入文献标题中的关键词组，如：Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children （“Too Soon” 38）, though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games

17、does lead to better small motor skill development （“Hand-Eye Development” 17）. 或者Computers are not useful tools for small children （Lightenor, “Too Soon” 38）, though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development （Lightenor, “Hand-Eye Deve

18、lopment” 17）. Lightenor has argued that computers are not useful tools for small children, though he has acknowledged that early exposure to computer games does lead to better small motor skill development （“Too Soon” 38 and “Hand-Eye Development” 17）. 按APA规范，同一作者的不同文献可用出版年份来区别，如：（Zhang, 1997） （Zhan

19、g, 1999） （Zhang, 2004） 括号夹注还可以表示同一作者的多篇文献，文献按发表次序排列，如：（Zhang, 1997, 1999, 2004） 同一年份发表的文献应对年份另加字母，以示区别（正文后参考文献著录中相应的条目里的年份应加同样的字母），如： （Bloom, 2003a, 2003b） 3.1.9 同时引用不同作者的多篇文献 括号夹注可以包括不同作者的多篇文献，文献按作者姓氏的字母顺序排列（注意分号的使用），如：The dangers of mountain lions to humans have been well documented （Rychnovsky 40

20、; Seidensticker 114; Williams 30）.Distance from health care providers, lack of transportation, lack of health care providers, lack of information about the disease and various treatment options, poverty and social isolation due to geography are all factors which affect treatment decisions of rural c

21、lients （Brown, 2001; Sullivan, Weinert & Fulton, 1993; Weinert & Burman, 1994）. 在MLA的规范中，如果不同作者的多篇文献过于冗长，则不用括号夹注，而使用脚注（见第3.1.12节）。3.1.10 引用非直接文献（indirect source） 论文应尽可能避免使用非直接文献（即二级文献secondary source），但在无法找到直接文献（即一级文献primary source）的情况下，引文可以从非直接文献中析出，例如：Samuel Johnson admitted that Edmund Burke was

22、an “extraordinary man” （qtd. in Boswell 2: 450）.（注意：“qtd. in”中的字母“i”不得大写。Grayson （as cited in Murzynski & Degelman, 1996, p. 135） identified four components of body language that were related to judgments of vulnerability.One researcher （Grayson, as cited in Murzynski & 引用非直接文献以后，在正文后参考文献著录中只需列入该非直接

23、文献的条目（即上述实例中的“Boswell”和“Murzynski & Degelman, 1996”）。3.1.11 引用文学作品和经典文献 按MLA的规范，有几种情况括号夹注内不标页码。 在引用剧本时应标出引文的幕、场、行，如：In his famous advice to players, Shakespeares Hamlet defines the purpose of theater, “whose end, both at the first and now, was and is, to hold, as twere, the mirror up to nature” （3.2

24、.21-23）.这里的括号夹注表示引文来自剧本第三幕第二场的21至23行。（注意标点的使用。 在引用诗歌时应标出引文的节、行，如：When Homers Odysseus comes to the hall of Circe, he finds his men “mild / in her soft spell, fed on her drug of evil” （10.209-11）.这里的括号夹注表示引文来自诗歌第10节的209至211行。对不分节的诗第一次引用时应说明括号里标的是行数，使用“line”，以后的引用则不需再说明。 第一次引用：（lines 5-8） 以后的引用：（12-13

25、） 在引用有章节、分册的小说的时候，应标出引文所在的页码、册数、章节，如：One of Kingsolvers narrators, teenager Rachel, pushes her vocabulary beyond its limits. For example, Rachel complains that being forced to live in the Congo with her missionary family is “a sheer tapestry of justice” because her chances of finding a boyfriend are

26、 “dull and void” （117; bk. 2, ch. 10）.例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自该书第二册第十章的第117页。（注意标点和缩略语的使用。 在引用圣经、可兰经等经典文献的时候，应标出引文的篇、章、节，如：Consider the words of Solomon: “If your enemies are hungry, give them food to eat. If they are thirsty, give them water to drink” （Bible, Prov. 25.21）.例子里的括号夹注表示引文来自旧约圣经的箴言篇第25章第21节。圣经各篇的

27、缩写有标准的写法，因而使用时应该注意核对。3.1.12 对引语文字的更改 直接引语如出现在正文中间，使用引语的句子不得违反英语语法，不得出现“句中句”。图3.1右边一栏两句句子均包含了引语，但均不合语法。正确：So it is not like what Luthi calls “entering effortlessly into fruitful contact with distant worlds” （63）. Max Luthi points out that the first apparent thing in the fairytale is that it portrays

28、its hero as “isolated” and often as “an old child” （59）. 错误：So it is not like what Luthi calls “enter effortlessly into fruitful contact with distant worlds” （63）. 错误：Max Luthi points out: “The first thing that is apparent in the fairytale is that it portrays its hero as isolated. He is often an old child” （59）. 为了使含直接引语的句子合乎语法，往往有必要对引语的文字作一定的更改。如果要删除引语中个别词句，可以用省略号（ellipses“”）取代删除的词句。如果要加入或者更改个别单词或者词组，则可以将需要加入或者更改的单词或词组放在方括号（square brackets“ ”）以内。删除词句：He stated, “The placebo effect, . disappeared when behaviors were studied in this manner” （Smith, 198