高三英语专题八 动词的时态与语态一动词的时态Word下载.docx

1、II.时态的用法1.一般现在时一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等; I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。 The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。 Shanghai lies in the east of China. 上海位于中国东部。 Pride goes before a fall.骄者必败。主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来;Ill go there after I finish my work.I

2、f it rains tomorrow,I wont go there.在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作;There goes the bell.铃响了。There comes the bus.汽车来了。Here she comes.她来了。现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如： I dont want so much. 我不要那么多。 Ann writes good English but does not speak well. 安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。比较：Now I put the sugar in the cup. 把糖

3、放入杯子。I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的now是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。一般现在时代替一般将来时 When, while, before, after, till, once, as soon as, so long as, by the time, if, in case （that）, unless, even if, whether, the moment, the minute, the day, the year, i

4、mmediately等引导的时间状语从句，条件句中，用一般现在时代替将来时。He is going to visit her aunt the day he arrives in Beijing. 他一到北京，就去看他姨妈。一般现在时代替一般过去时 1 ） 书上说，报纸上说等。The newspaper says that its going to be cold tomorrow. 报纸上说明天会很冷的。2） 叙述往事，使其生动。Napoleons army now advances and the great battle begins.拿破仑的军队正在向前挺进，大战开始了。一般现在时代替

5、现在完成时 1） 有些动词用一般现在时代替完成时，如hear, tell, learn, write , understand, forget, know, find , say, remember等。I hear （= have heard） he will go to London. 我听说了他将去伦敦。I forget （=have forgotten） how old he is. 我忘了他多大了。2） 用句型 It is since代替It has been since 。It is （= has been） five years since we last met. 从我们上次见面

6、以来，五年过去了。一般现在时代替现在进行时在Here comes/There goes等句型里，用一般现在时代替现在进行时。There goes the bell. 铃响了。2.现在进行时表示正在进行的动作；表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。He is working as a teacher tomorrow.从明天起他要做老师。My father is coming to see me this Saturday.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。表示渐变.The Changjiang River is f

7、lowing into the east.江水滚滚向东流。The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。与always, forever, constantly, continually连用，表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩，但并非强调动作正在进行； He is always helping others.他总是肯帮助他人。She is always forgetting something.她老是忘记某些事情。大多数动词可用于进行时，但也有些动词不用于进行时。常见的有：感觉类：look, smell

8、, feel, sound, taste, see, hear情感类：like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear心态类：wish, hope, expect, want, need, believe, think, understand, agree, knowt所有类：have, contain, won, hold, belong to等。典型例题 My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it. A. has lost, dont find B. is missing, don

9、t findC. has lost, havent found D. is missing, havent found. 答案D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。用现在进行时表示将来 下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。 Im leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。 Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？不用进行时的动词 1）表示事实状态的动词，如have

10、, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。 This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。2）表示心理状态的动词，如know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, lo

11、ve, hate等。I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。 He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。3）瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。 I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。4）系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn等。 You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。现在进行时代替将来时 1） 表示即将发生

12、的或预定中计划好的活动。 Are you staying with us this weekend? 和我们一起度周末好吗? We are leaving soon. 我们马上就走。2） 渐变动词，如get, run, grow, become, begin以及瞬间动词die等。 He is dying. 他要死了。3.现在完成时 表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时已完成的动作；I have finished the report./ She has cleaned the room. 表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for.”, “since.”表述的一段时间

13、状语连用；He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college.表示“曾经到过某地（人已回来）”用“have/has been to”；表示“到某地去了（还未回来）”用“have/has gone to”。Where is Li Hua? He has gone to the reading-room.She knows a lot about Shanghai. She has been there.在时间状语从句,条件状语从句或让步状语从句中表达将来某时已经完成的动作。Whe

14、n you have learned English, you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge. Well start at six if it has stopped raining by then.注意：这里的现在完成时强调从句动作在主句动作之前完成, 如果两个动作同时或几乎同时发生, 则不必用完成时；试比较：Ill let you know as soon as I hear from her.She will call you when she gets home.短暂动词（即瞬间动词），join,lose,buy,borrow,l

15、eave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。要译“他参军已经三年了”不能说：He has joined the army three years.可采用：“ago法”：He joined the army three years ago.“延续法”：He has been in the army for three years.“since法”：It is/has been three years since he joined the army.

16、没有包括“现在”在内或不是截至“现在”为止的时间状语不能与现在完成时连用, 但“in（over） the past/last+时间段”要与现在完成时连用。It is the first / second time. that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。It is the first time that I have visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。This is the first time （that） Ive heard him sing.这是我第一次听他唱歌。It was the third time that the boy had been late.

17、 This is +形容词最高级+that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。This is the best film that Ive （ever） seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。比较一般过去时与现在完成时 1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。现在

18、完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等。3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有come, go, leave, start, die,

19、 finish, become, get married等。I saw this film yesterday. （强调看的动作发生过了） I have seen this film. （强调对现在的影响，电影的内容已经知道了） Why did you get up so early? （强调起床的动作已发生过了） Who hasnt handed in his paper? （强调有卷子未交，疑为不公平竞争） He has been in the League for three years. （在团内的状态可延续） He has been a League member for three

20、 years. （是团员的状态可持续） 句子中如有过去时的时间副词（如yesterday, last, week, in 1960）时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。（错）Tom has written a letter to his parents last night. （对）Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night. （1） -Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here. A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming

21、 答案B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选B。（2） -Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here. A. even, come B. even, have comeC. ever, come D. ever, have come 答案D. ever意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为never，此两词常用于完成时。非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。（错）I have received his letter fo

22、r a month. （对）I havent received his letter for almost a month. 比较since和for Since 用来说明动作起始时间，for用来说明动作延续时间长度。I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。注意：并非有for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。 I worked here for more than twenty years. （我现在已不在这里工作。） I ha

23、ve worked here for many years.（现在我仍在这里工作。用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有for/since结构的完成时中的误用。1）（对） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2）（错） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years ago, and is s

24、till getting married now. 显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years. since的四种用法 1） since +过去一个时间点（如具体的年、月、日期、钟点、1980, last month, half past six）。 I have been here since 1989. 1989起，我一直在这儿。 2） since +一段时间+ ago。 I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已

25、经有五个月了。 3） since +从句。 Great changes have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。 Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。 4） It is +一段时间+ since从句。 It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。延续动词与瞬间动词 1） 用于完成时的区别 延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。He ha

26、s completed the work.他已完成了那项工作。 （表结果） Ive known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。（表经历） 2） 用于till / until从句的差异 延续动词用于肯定句，表示做直到 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示到，才He didnt come back until ten oclock. 他到10 点才回来。He slept until ten oclock. 他一直睡到10点。1. You dont need to describe her. I _ her several times. A. had metB. have met C.

27、metD. meet 答案B. 首先本题后句强调对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，several times告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。2. -Im sorry to keep you waiting. -Oh, not at all. I _ here only a few minutes. A. have been B. had been C. wasD. will be 答案A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。4.现在完成进行时 用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在（或今后还要继续一去）的动作；He has been doing the

28、maths problems since 8:00.凡是不能用于现在进行时的动词均不能用于现成完成进行时。5.一般过去时 表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或为；He often sang when he was a boy.He went to the cinema last night with her boy friend. 用于I didnt know或I forgot，表示事先不知道或不记得，但现在已知道或记得的事情。 用于I didnt know或I forgot，表示事先不知道或不记得，但现在已知道或记得的事情。 I didnt

29、know you were here.（现在已经知道）Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.（“忘记带书”已成为过去的事了）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth 到时间了 该了It is time for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。 It is time that sb. did sth. 时间已迟了早该了 ，例如It is time you went to bed.你早该睡觉了。would （had） rather sb. did sth.表示宁愿某人做某事Id rather you came tomorrow.还是明天来吧。wish, wonder, think, h