《GRE ISSUE 写作论证论据素材大全》电子版文档格式.docx

1、-困境1：面对一个题目，根本无话可说，即便用中文写，都写不出内容。-困境2：有话可说，有内容可写，但是用英文表达的支离破碎，完全不能用英文来表达出自己想要表达的含义。-困境3：有话说，也能用英文表达出自己要表达的意思，但是写出来的或者说出来的语言却都是“满篇尽带Chinglish（中国式英语）”。若一个人在英文写作上存在问题，一定可归为上述三类之一。 既然我们已经对中国考生所面临的写作问题有了清晰的梳理和认识，那么该如何从上述的困境中走出，如何能真正并有针对性的提高自己的语言表达能力呢。其实答案很简单，就两个字-素材！面对一个话题，我们之所以无法写出连贯的文字，无法流畅的口语表达，都是因为我们

2、没有写作素材以及说话的素材。那么素材是什么？其实也就是我们所说的“言之有物”中的“物”。当我们写作的时候，无论是四、六级写作，还是考研写作，或是托福、雅思、SAT、GRE、GMAT写作，我们之所以无法取得高分，其根本原因是因为我们日常积累的英文论证素材以及论据素材过于贫乏，以至于“书到用时方恨少”，我们根本没法将零星散落于我们大脑各个角落，不成体系的素材组合起来，形成一篇逻辑严密、语言优美地道的英语作文。因此，英文素材的积累和素材库的建立是可以真正帮助中国英语爱好者、中国广大英语考生提高写作能力，走出写作困境的“捷径”。正如前面所说，英语写作素材包含两类：一类是论证素材，即对于论点进行理论分析

3、的素材。例如：论证竞争机制的重要性、论证环境保护的必要性、论证艺术的价值等；一类是论据素材，即可支撑论点的相关事例。“钻石教父”雷维夫与DeBeers公司的竞争促进了整个钻石行业的发展，可用来支撑“竞争机制的重要性”的论证；再例，引用美国政府参与环境保护的例子可佐证“环境保护的必要性”；还有，引用贝多芬、巴赫、凡高的例子可说明伟大的艺术家们的艺术作品是如何推动人类文明的发展，用以例证“艺术的价值”。其实我们只要多掌握适用于所准备的写作考试的英文写作素材（论证素材+论据素材），就已经为写出有理有据的漂亮的文章打下了一个99%的基础，其实这也就是写作的前提。因为任何语言学习，或者说任何学习过程，都

4、遵循了一个“输入-输出”的模式。如果没有输入，则永远不可能输出；若没有好的输入，则永远不可能有好的输出。因此，语言学习有一条永恒不变的真理-“不听永远不会说，不读永远不会写”，这里的“听”和“读”就是输入环节，“说”和“写”就是输出环节，我们只有输入了好的英文素材，才能在需要的地方进行输出。考生结合GMAT写作论证论据素材工具书进行GMAT考试的备考，可达到事半功倍的效果。第一，本书详尽的话题分类可保证考生在论述每个复杂的GMAT Issue命题的时候，能够游刃有余，言之有物，关键是有话可说而且写的有理有据。第二，本书一共20大类话题，完全覆盖GMAT Issue话题库，与此同时，每一个大类下

5、面又下辖属于该类的GMAT Issue官方题库的原题题目，这样大家在分析以及备考每一个题目的时候，能有针对性的查找到该题所能利用的论证或者论据素材。例如，科技类话题下，有“论证科技发展的积极影响”、“论证科技发展的负面影响”、“人类如何利用科技这把双刃剑”、“科学与哲学的关系”、“科学与宗教的关系”、“科学与艺术的关系”等等英文论证以及论据素材段落，从而能够全面覆盖GMAT写作中科技类话题所涉及的知识范围以及命题范围，同时每个主题段落都是以“标题”、“段落中文大意”、“英文段落”三部分构成，英文段落部分是严谨、地道、直接可用的英文素材，这样又能保证大家一目了然的知晓该段落的论述内容和论述功能，

6、以及可用于哪个话题或者主题。本书具有以下特点：全面性：全面补充GRE写作Issue部分所涉及到的所有话题的英文论证素材以及英文论据素材，解决考生面对Issue题目无话可说，无例可举的困境。文化性：书中所有的论证以及论据素材段落都是从辨证的角度去补充大量的权威的论证分析的英文论证段落和论据段落，力求做到让考生在备考的过程中，始终沉浸于思辨的海洋和文化历史的长河中，尤其给中国考生补充所不熟悉的西方世界的教育、法律、文化、科技、历史等方面内容。权威性：汇集世界顶级外文期刊、报纸、书籍、检索数据库和权威的新闻网站的英文内容，例如：经济学家、时代周刊、科学、大英百科全书、维基（Wiki）英文百科全书、微

7、软百科全书等权威刊物。指导性：汇集新东方GRE考试培训项目数年的教学精华及笔者在新东方讲台上多年GRE写作的教学成果，内容具有极强的指导性和操作性。针对性：本书针对中国考生写作中存在的弱点，全面提升考生的写作实力。第二章 GRE Issue写作论证论据素材库 第一大类：社会类 1 社会发展的三大理论 In the 19th century, three great classical theories of social and historical change were created: the sociocultural evolutionism, the social cycle th

8、eory and the Marxist historical materialism theory. Those theories had one common factor: they all agreed that the history of humanity is pursuing a certain fixed path, most likely that of the social progress. Thus, each past event is not only chronologically, but causally tied to the present and fu

9、ture events. Those theories postulated that by recreating the sequence of those events, sociology could discover the laws of history. 4 社会公正的概念 Social justice refers to the concept of a society in which justice is achieved in every aspect of society, rather than merely the administration of law. It

10、generally refers to a society which affords individuals and groups fair treatment and a just share of the benefits of it. It can also refer to the distribution of advantages and disadvantages within a society. 17 社会进步指标 Theorists usually measured progression （that is, the difference between one stag

11、e and the next） in terms of increasing social complexity （including class differentiation and a complex division of labor）, or an increase in intellectual, theological, and aesthetic sophistication. Those 19th-century ethnologists used these principles primarily to explain differences in religious b

12、eliefs and kinship terminologies among various societies. 18 社会进步与政府干预以及两大社会类型 Society was evolving toward increasing freedom for individuals; and so that government intervention ought to be minimal in social and political life, differentiated between two phases of development, focusing on the type

13、of internal regulation within societies. Military and industrial societies are differentiated. （The earlier, more primitive military society has a goal of conquest and defense, is centralized, economically self-sufficient, collectivistic, puts the good of a group over the good of an individual, uses

14、 compulsion, force and repression, and rewards loyalty, obedience and discipline. The industrial society has a goal of production and trade, is decentralized, interconnected with other societies via economic relations, achieves its goals through voluntary cooperation and individual self-restraint, t

15、reats the good of individual as the highest value, regulates the social life via and voluntary relations, values initiative, independence and innovation.） 19 技术进步有赖于其他社会组织 The development of technology is dependent on the presence of other types of social organizations. Nobel laureate economist Arth

16、ur Lewis observed that the mechanization of factory production in England which became known as the Industrial Revolution was a direct result of the reorganization of English agriculture. The enclosure of common lands in England generated surplus income for the farmers. That extra income generated a

17、dditional raw materials for industrial processing along with greater demand for industrial products which was difficult to meet by traditional manufacturing processes. The opening of sea trade gave an added boost in demand for industrial production for export. Factory production increased many times

18、 when production was reorganized using steam energy combined with moving assembly lines, specialization and division of labor. Thus, technological development was both a result of and a contributing factor to the overall development of society. 20 社会进步与技术革新 Though technological inventions have marke

19、dly increased the pace of development, the tendency to view developmental accomplishments as mainly powered by technology is a partial view that misses the bigger picture. Technological innovation was spurred by the general advance in the social organization of knowledge. In the Middle Ages, efforts

20、 at scientific creativity were few and isolated from one another, mainly because there were no effective arrangements for the preservation and dissemination of knowledge. Since there was no organized protection for patent rights, scientists and inventors were very secretive about their activities an

21、d operations. The establishment of scientific associations and the publication of scientific journals spurred the exchange of knowledge among scientists and created a written record that could be examined by posterity. 23 物质资源和非物质资源在社会发展中的作用 The role of physical resources tends to diminish as societ

22、y moves to higher levels in the scale of development. Correspondingly the role of non-material resources keeps increasing as development advances. One of the most important non-material resources is information, which has become a key input in modern times. Information is a non-material resource tha

23、t does not get exhausted by distribution or sharing. Greater access to information helps increase the pace of its development. Ready access to information about economic factors helps investors to immediately transfer capital to those sectors and areas where it will fetch a higher return. The greate

24、r input of non-material resources helps explain the rising productivity of societies in spite of a limited physical resource base. 24 非物质资源可以提高物质资源的生产力 The application of higher non-material inputs also raises the productivity of physical inputs. Modern technology has helped increase the proven sour

25、ces of oil by 50% in recent years and at the same time reduced the cost of search operations by 75%. Moreover, technology has shown that it is possible to reduce the amount of physical inputs in a wide range of activities. Scientific agricultural methods demonstrated that soil productivity could be

26、raised by application of synthetic fertilizers. Dutch farm scientists have demonstrated that a minimal water consumption of 1.4 liters is enough to raise a kilogram of vegetables compared to the thousand liters that traditional irrigation methods normally require. Henry Ford.s assembly line techniqu

27、es brought down the man-hours of labor required to deliver a car from 783 minutes to 93 minutes. These examples show that the greater input of higher non-material resources can raise the productivity of physical resources and thereby extend their limits. 25 社会文化进化论 Sociocultural evolutionists agree

28、that the evolution-like process leads to social progress. Sociocultural evolutionism represented an attempt to formalize social thinking along scientific lines, which was later influenced by the biological theory of evolution. If organisms could develop over time according to deterministic laws, the

29、n it seemed reasonable that societies could as well. They developed analogies between human society and the biological organism and introduced into sociological theory such biological concepts as variation, natural selection, and inheritanceevolutionary factors resulting in the progress of societies

30、 through stages of savagery and barbarism to civilization, by virtue of the survival of the fittest. Together with the idea of progress there grew the notion of fixed “stages” through which human societies progress, usually numbering threesavagery, barbarism, and civilizationbut sometimes many more.

31、 28 三大概念： 社会地位、 阶层权利、 政治权力 Social Status: If you view someone as a social superior, that person will be able to have power over you because you believe that person has a higher status than you do. Class Power: This refers to people having unequal access to resources. If you have access to something

32、that someone else needs, that can make you more powerful than the person in need. The person with the resource thus has bargaining power over the other. Political Power: Political power can influence the hierarchical system of power because those who can influence what laws are passed and how they are applied