石油工程专业英语下重点翻译完整版精Word格式文档下载.docx

1、One definition of lift system efficiency is found by dividing the power added to the fluid stream by the amount of power needed from external sources such as motors or compressors. 升降系统效率的定义之一是电源加入到流体的能量除以外加能量,例如电机或压缩机所需的功率量。Beam pumping systems actuate a downhole plunger pump with traveling and sta

2、nding valves. PCP pump rotate from rods or a downhole motor that spins a metal rotor inside a rubber stator and moves a cavity of fluid upward as the pump spins. 游梁式抽油系统驱动带有游动阀和固定阀的井下柱塞泵。螺杆泵旋转螺杆或井下电机旋转橡胶 定子内的金属转子,使一腔流体向上移动,由于泵的旋转。ESP systems include a motor powered though a three-phase cable from th

3、e surface to rotate a stack of impellers inside a stack of diffusers.The hydraulic reciprocating pump is a rapidly reciprocating plunger pump with ball-and-seat check vavles. 电潜泵系统包括一个电机通过来自地面的三相电缆来转动一堆内叶轮推进器和里面的一堆分离器。液压往复泵是一种带有球座单流阀的高速往复式柱塞泵。In intermittent lift, the well is produced and is periodi

4、cally shut in until sufficient pressure builds in the casing to lift liquids and to produce the well for a brief time before shutting the well in again. The same downhole equipment that was used for continuous lift may be adapted to perform equally well intermittently.在间歇气举时,油井生产和定期关闭, 直到有足够的压力建立在套管

5、上来举升 流体,并在一个短暂的时间里生产, 在再次关井之前。相同的井下设备用于连续气举, 同样也适用于间歇气举。Tubing pressure-sensitive valves are used in annulus flow situations and when a particular tubing pressure is required, such as in an intermittent lift application where the valve is designed to remain closed until a sufficient fluid load is pr

6、esent in the tubing. The pressure-sensitive valves use either a dome charge or a spring to provide the closing force. Normally a bellows is used to contain the dome charge or to otherwise provide the operating area. All of the valves will include a reverse-flow check valve which prevents backflow. T

7、ubing pressure valves may be used in places where casing pressure is limited. However, fluctuations in tubing pressure can cause periodic movement of the injection point up and down between lower valves, leading to inefficient lift or multi-point injection in some cases. 油管压力控制阀用于在环空环流的情况下,以及当一个特定的油

8、管的压力是必需的, 如 在间歇气举的应用, 控制阀保持关闭, 直到有足够的流体负载存在于油管, 压力控制阀使用一个圆顶压力包或弹簧提供的关闭力。波纹管通常被用来包含穹顶压力包或以其他方式提供的区域。所有的阀门包括一个反向流动的单向阀, 防止了回 流。油管压力阀可用于在套管压力的地方是有限的。然而, 油管压力波动会导致注入点在较低的阀之间上下周期性运动, 从而导致低效的举升或在某些情况下,多点注入。Hydraulic pumps provide another efficient artificial-lift option.Well candidates that lack the botto

9、mhole pressure to sustain acceptable flowrates and have low GLRS,but which still have acceptable productivity capacity,are ideal candidates for hydraulic pumps .Two basic pump types are piston pumps and jet pumps .Both pump types requir similar surface ,offer good lift efficiencies ,and are servicea

10、ble with slickline well servicing operations. 液压泵提供了另一种供选择的有效的人工举升方式。缺乏井底压力来维持足够的流速和低气液比, 但仍有可接受的生产能力的井,是理想的使用液压泵的候选井。两种基本 类型的泵是活塞泵和射流泵。两种泵要求类似的地面装置提供良好的举升效率, 便利的带绳索式的井下维修作业。PCPs are generally the preferred method for lifting cold viscous, sand laden fluids. PCPs are a positive displacement pump wit

11、h a helical metal rotor which rotates in an elastomeric stator. The elastomeric stator is attached to metal tubing.螺杆泵一般都是举升冷粘性,含砂流体的首选方法。螺杆泵是一个正排量泵, 带有在橡胶定子里旋转 的螺旋形金属转子。橡胶定子连接到金属油管。Many challenges still in the design of artificial-lift systems. Modern well geometries differ significantly from the v

12、ertical wellbores where artificial lift has historically been applied. Horizontal wells, multilateral wells, high-temperature wells, wells with sand-laden production, wells with corrosive fluids, and other conditions all contribute problems which must be considered when using artificial lift require

13、ments may be for production of several thousands of barrels per day or may be for a very few barrels of water per day to be lifted from a gas well so that gas can produce efficiently. Unique challenges also exist in applying lift systems in subsea wells. Subsea well requirements do not significantly

14、 change the artificial-lift system but do emphasize the need for reliability more than in other applications. Even more complexity can be introduced if artificial-lift systems are considered in combination as ESPs in combination discussed as an alternative to increasing compression capabilities for

15、the gas-lift system. These and other design issues will provide the future advances in the application of artificial-lift systems in well completions.此处跟以上内容相似故略去翻译。Methods for Sand Exclusion Four broad groups of sand exclusion methods are available: （1 production restriction methods, （2 mechanical

16、methods （3 in-situ chemical consolidation methods, and （4 combination methods. With the exception of production restriction methods, the remaining methods provide some means of mechanical support for the formation and help prevent formation movement during stressed that result from fluid flow or pre

17、ssure drop in the reservoir. 四个应用广泛的防砂方法是可用的:（1生产的限制的方法, （2 机械的方法（3就地化学胶结方法,及（4相结合的方法。与生产限制的方法不同, 其余的方法提供了一些装置, 用于形成机械支撑, 并有助于防止地层在源于储层中由流体流动和压力下降引起的应力下运移的方法 Production Restriction In a sandstone formation, stresses resulting from fluid production or pressure drop act on the minerals that bond the s

18、and grains together, resulting in sand production. One means of reducing this sand production is to restrict the production rate. This method has the lowest initial cost and in some cases, may be a successful alternative to other available methods. However, in most cases, it is not a durable or econ

19、omical solution to formation sand production.在砂岩地层中, 源于流体的生产或压力下降的应力作用在胶结了砂子颗粒的矿物上, 导致了出砂。一种减少这种出砂的方法是限制产量,这种方法成本最低,有时也许会很成功的替换其他方法,然而, 大多数情况下它也不是一个持久的经济的方法。 Mechanical Methods Mechanical methods are the most common well treatments for excluding sand production. Mechanical sand-control methods are d

20、iverse, but they always include some type of device installed downhole that bridges or filters the sand out of the produced fluids or gases. These devices include a wide array of slotted liners, wire-wrapped screens, and prepacked screens, which are generally uses with gravel-pack procedures机械方法是最为普

21、通的井下防砂措施。机械防砂法是多样的, 但它们总包含一些固定在井下的装置桥堵或把砂子从产夜或产气中过滤出来。这些装置包 含割缝衬管,绕丝筛管,预充填筛管（广泛用于砾石充填工艺。Screens and slotted liners encompass a broad range of downhole filtration devices. These devices （1 filter out the formation sand, （2 retain any particular materials, graded sand, or other proppants placed agains

22、t the formation to support it, and （3 stain out the naturally loose component grains. Variations in screen designs, which will be discussed later, are affected by cost, durability, and flow- through characteristics. 筛管和割缝衬管包括一系列的井下过滤设备,这些设备（1过滤出地层的砂子（2保留一些特殊的矿物,分级的砂子,或其他支撑剂充填支撑地层（3过滤出天然松散的组成颗粒。不同的 筛

23、管设计后面将要讨论,受成本,耐用性,和流过流体的特性的影响。Selecting the Appropriate Sand Exclusion Method Once a well is identified as requiring sand exclusion, the appropriate exclusion method must be determined based on the following criteria: （1 economics the initial cost of the treatment and its effect on production, （2 hi

24、storical success, （3 applicability degree of difficulty to perform treatment, and （4 length of service estimations of sand-free production and need frequency rates for repetition of the treatment.选择适当的防砂方法 一旦油井被确定为需要防砂,适当的防砂方法, 必须根据以下标准确定:（1经济能力和其对生产的初始成本, （2过往的成功（3适用性实施的难易程度,及（4服务周期,估计无砂产量,和重复该措施的频

25、率。Choosing the appropriate technique for sand exclusion requires an in-depth understanding of each sand exclusion method and its many modifications and variations. There are merits and limitations of every type mechanical and chemical consolidation methods. 选择合适的防砂技术,需要深入了解每个防砂方法和它的许多改进和变化。每一种类型的机械方

26、法和化学胶结的方法都 存在其优点和局限性。Liners and Screens Slotted liners and screens are downhole filters that provide differing mechanisms and levels of sand retention or pack-support. Before a liner or screen is chosen, the well must be carefully evaluated so that the most applicable products can be selected. Scree

27、n construction and shape can influence: （1 how well sand becomes packed in the annulus, （2 the flow capacity of the covered zone, and （3 how long the composite pack might last.割缝衬管和筛管是井下过滤器提供不同机理和精度的砂子保留或砾石充填。在选择衬管和筛管之前, 必须对仔细的评估, 以至于最为合适的产品被选择。筛管的结构和形状受到下列因素的影响（! 井中砂子如何充填环空（2充填井段的流动能力 （3混合充填能持续多长。T

28、he simplest slotted liner is made of oilfield pipe that has been slotted with a precision saw or mill. These slots must be cut circumferentially, otherwise the tubing would become weak under tension. The individual slots can be as small as 1/5 in. or as large as required for the gravel size that wil

29、l be used. 最简单的割缝衬管由油田油管被精密的锯和铣割缝而成的, 这些缝必须是圆周切向的, 否则油管在张力作用下变得很脆弱。这些独立的缝可以小到 1/5英寸或大如所需的将要使用的砾石尺寸。It is recommended to use tracers when one or more of the following conditions exist. （1 Thick intervals of reservoir to be stimulated （45 ft. （2 Stress contrast between the zone of interest and adjacent barriers is less than 700 psi. （3 Limited entry stimulation technique is planned. （4Specialty proppants will be used or tail-in at the end of the treatment. （5 Fluid leak-off is expected to be higher than usual or is unknown.推荐使用的示踪剂时