基于单片机控制自行车速度里程表的开题报告Word格式文档下载.docx

1、但是随着科技发展和环境变化，人们越来越注重环保，自行车的使用趋势逐渐增加。因为自行车使用简易方便，环保安全，不易拥堵等诸多优点被越来越多的人们接受和喜欢。传统的汽车转速里程表的功能有两个，一是用指针指示汽车行驶的瞬时车速，二是用机械计数器记录汽车行驶的累计里程。现代汽车正向高速化方向发展,随着车速的提高，用软轴驱动的传统车速里程表受到前所未有的挑战。这是因为软轴在高速旋转时，由于受钢丝交变应力极限的限制而容易断裂，同时，软轴布置过长会出现形变过大或运动迟滞等现象,而且,对于不同的车型,转速里程表的安装位置也会受到软轴长度及弯曲度的限制。凡此种种,使得基于非接触式转速传感器的电子式转速里程表得以

2、迅速发展。随着居民生活水平的不断提高，自行车不再仅仅是普通的运输、代步的工具，而是成为人们娱乐、休闲、锻炼的首选。自行车里程表能够满足人们最基本的需求，让人们能清楚地知道当前的速度、里程等物理量。主要阐述一种基于霍尔元件的自行车里程表的设计。以 AT89C52 单片机为核心，A44E 霍尔传感器测转数，实现对自行车里程/速度的测量统计，采用 24C02 实现在系统掉电的时候保存里程信息，并能将自行车的里程数及速度用LED实时显示。文章详细介绍了自行车里程表的硬件电路和软件设计。硬件部分利用霍尔元件将自行车每转一圈的脉冲数传入单片机系统，然后单片机系统将信号经过处理送显示。软件部分用汇编语言进行

3、编程，采用模块化设计思想。该系统硬件电路简单，子程序具有通用性，完全符合设计要求。1.2单片机控制自行车速度、里程表的发展现状传统的转速里程表的功能有两个，一是用指针指示车辆行驶的瞬时车速，二是用机械计数器记录车辆行驶的累计里程。现代车辆正向高速化方向发展,随着车速的提高，用软轴驱动的传统车速里程表受到前所未有的挑战。这是因为软轴在高速旋转时，由于受钢丝交变应力极限的限制而容易断裂，同时，软轴布置过长会出现形变过大或运动迟滞等现象。在其工作原理上作出技术创新,即彻底放弃了“动磁式”或“动圈式”模拟电子式仪表，通过线包与磁钢间产生电磁转矩驱动指针工作的形式。该仪表由传感器完成各种被测物理量的采集

4、，经过换算后直接送入单片机，再由驱动器驱动指针，在刻度盘上指示被测物理量，同时辅以被测物理量LCD数字显示。该汽车仪表在指示方式上仍然保留了第3代仪表指示直观、有动感、符合日常习惯等特点，而且批量生产的成本有望低于同等功能的模拟电子式仪表，更可贵的是在工作原理上的创新和突破，带来了技术性能质的提高。全数字式汽车仪表后，未来汽车仪表应向何方向发展呢？虽然具体过程不清楚，但总的趋势还是比较明朗的，那就是充分应用光技术和机、电一体化技术，并突出现代信息技术和网络技术的应用，其功能将极大拓宽，指示形式将演变成计算机终端显示器。虽然人们对未来汽车仪表作足个性化要求设计等。3.自动导航和定位系统可能也是未

5、来汽车仪表上不可缺少的部分，包括全球卫星定位系统和电子地图等。4.具备完善的通讯系统，将来车辆上的计算机系统会与公共互连网相连，以便充分共享信息资源，处理通讯作业将是仪表计算机系统工作内容的一部分。5 .仪表的计算机系统具备对路况设备进行监管的功能，可以自动控制轮胎等其他硬件对不同路面的适应。以上在基于当今成熟技术的基础上，对未来车辆仪表的发展方向做些简单设想。也许，未来车辆仪表的发展将远远超出我们今天的想象。在当今世界范围内，车辆仪表正处于技术更新的转型期。为此，业内人士和专家对此都给予极大关注。什么样的仪表是今后车辆仪表的主流产品，什么技术是今后车辆仪表的主导技术，对于这些问题业内人士的看

6、法可能不尽相同，但有一点是肯定的，带有基于单片机的数字技术在车辆仪表上的广泛应用，将是车辆仪表发展的必然。原因主要有4点：1.仪表的功能由软件和硬件共同实现，而且主要是通过软件实现。这对于量大且对成本极为敏感的车辆仪表有特殊意义，因为软件的开发费用分摊到每个仪表上是非常少的。2.与仅由电子线路硬件组成的车辆仪表相比，带有基于单片机的汽车仪表，其功能的实现手段更加灵活多样。3.产品的“柔性”更好，即在推出新款产品时，能最大限度地利用以前产品的硬、软件设计成果，仅做少量修改便可，这在产品更新换代很快的今天和未来特别重要。4.随着车辆电子化水平的提高，必须要求车辆仪表与车辆上其它装置交换数据。二、主

7、要设计（研究）内容本课题研究的主要内容是设计一个能够实时显示速度和里程的自行车速度里程表。该里程表能够满足自行车骑行者在骑行过程中能够准确的了解自行车的行驶状态和已行驶的里程数，提高骑行者的便捷性、安全性和趣味性。三、研究方案及工作计划（含工作重点与难点及拟采用的途径）3.1研究方案图1 系统控制示意图3.2工作计划第一周：对毕业设计题目进行选题；第二周：对选题进行分析，收集资料，填写毕业设计任务书；第三周：对毕业设计文章排版、格式进行指导，准备开题；第四周：认真填写开题报告将情况汇报指导老师，递交开题报告与进度表；第五周：进行毕业设计正文部分，确定设计方案；第六周：对常用软件进行学习，导师进

8、行指导；第七周：整理资料、撰写毕业设计论文（一）；第八周：完成毕业设计（论文）初稿，指导教师审查初稿，提出修改意见；第九周：完成毕业设计（论文）修改稿一，导师审查修改稿一；第十周：向指导教师汇报设计完成进度，同时进行论文中期检查；第十一周：完成毕业设计（论文）修改稿二，指导教师审查修改稿二；第十二周：整理资料、按导师建议修改毕业设计论文（二）；第十三周：完成设计论文（电子版）初稿；第十四周：进行毕业设计论文修订；第十五周：毕业设计论文（打印版）最终定稿，参加论文互评；第十六周：提交毕业设计论文（打印版），参加毕业答辩；四、阅读的主要参考文献（不少于10篇，期刊类文献不少于7篇，应有一定数量的外

9、文文献）1陈伟.基于单片机的测速仪J. 电子制作，2008,10:29-30.,2姚金明，杨俊杰.自行车转速里程表的设计J. 上海电力学院报，2013，03：249-252+265.3Krassimir T，Atanassov，Nikolai G.etal.Remark on Two Operations Over Intuitionistic Fuzzy SetsJ. Fuzziness and Knowledge-Based Systems，2010，9（1）4徐丽萍.基于AT89S51单片机自行车里程/速度计的设计J. 南京工业职业技术学院学报，2010，02：28-29.5贺颖，李盼，

10、王志兰.自行车智能测速器的设计J. 自动化与仪器仪表6李华.MCS-51系列单片机使用接口技术M.北京航空航天大学出版社，19937刁文兴.自行车电子里程表的初步设计.南京工业技术职业技术学院学报，2004，6:25-288谢维成，杨加国.单片机原理与应用及C51程序设计.清华大学出版社。20069安宗权.电动电子车速里程表转速表的设计.沈阳建筑学院学报,2002,4:145-14810张友德，赵志英等.单片机微机原理，应用与实验M上海：复旦大学出版社，2003:122-13611Slotine, Weiping.Adaptive manipulator control: A case stu

11、dy J. Transactions on Automatic Control, 1995, 33（11）: 995-102212谢自美.电子线路实验室侧M.武汉：华中科技大学出版社，2000:212-230Microcomputer Systems Electronic systems are used for handing information in the most general sense; this information may be telephone conversation, instrument read or a companys accounts, but in

12、each case the same main type of operation are involved: the processing, storage and transmission of information. in conventional electronic design these operations are combined at the function level; for example a counter, whether electronic or mechanical, stores the current and increments it by one

13、 as required. A system such as an electronic clock which employs counters has its storage and processing capabilities spread throughout the system because each counter is able to store and process numbers. Present day microprocessor based systems depart from this conventional approach by separating

14、the three functions of processing, storage, and transmission into different section of the system. This partitioning into three main functions was devised by Von Neumann during the 1940s, and was not conceived especially for microcomputers. Almost every computer ever made has been designed with this

15、 structure, and despite the enormous range in their physical forms, they have all been of essentially the same basic design. In a microprocessor based system the processing will be performed in the microprocessor itself. The storage will be by means of memory circuits and the communication of inform

16、ation into and out of the system will be by means of special input/output（I/O） circuits. It would be impossible to identify a particular piece of hardware which performed the counting in a microprocessor based clock because the time would be stored in the memory and incremented at regular intervals

17、but the microprocessor. However, the software which defined the systems behavior would contain sections that performed as counters. The apparently rather abstract approach to the architecture of the microprocessor and its associated circuits allows it to be very flexible in use, since the system is

18、defined almost entirely software. The design process is largely one of software engineering, and the similar problems of construction and maintenance which occur in conventional engineering are encountered when producing software. The figure1.1 illustrates how these three sections within a microcomp

19、uter are connected in terms of the communication of information within the machine. The system is controlled by the microprocessor which supervises the transfer of information betweenitself and the memory and input/output sections. The external connections relate to the rest （that is, the non-comput

20、er part） of the engineering system. Fig.1.1 Three Sections of a Typical Microcomputer Although only one storage section has been shown in the diagram, in practice two distinct types of memory RAM and ROM are used. In each case, the word memory is rather inappropriate since a computers memory is more

21、 like a filing cabinet in concept; information is stored in a set of numbered boxes and it is referenced by the serial number of the box in question. Microcomputers use RAM （Random Access Memory） into which data can be written and from which data can be read again when needed. This data can be read

22、back from the memory in any sequence desired, and not necessarily the same order in which it was written, hence the expression random access memory. Another type of ROM （Read Only Memory） is used to hold fixed patterns of information which cannot be affected by the microprocessor; these patterns are

23、 not lost when power is removed and are normally used to hold the program which defines the behavior of a microprocessor based system. ROMs can be read like RAMs, but unlike RAMs they cannot be used to store variable information. Some ROMs have their data patterns put in during manufacture, while ot

24、hers are programmable by the user by means of special equipment and are called programmable ROMs. The widely used programmable ROMs are erasable by means of special ultraviolet lamps and are referred to as EPROMs, short for Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories. Other new types of device can be e

25、rased electrically without the need for ultraviolet light, which are called Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memories, EEPROMs. The microprocessor processes data under the control of the program, controlling the flow of information to and from memory and input/output devices. Some input/

26、output devices are general-purpose types while others are designed for controlling specialhardware such as disc drives or controlling information transmission to other computers. Most types of I/O devices are programmable to some extent, allowing different modes of operation, while some actually con

27、tain special-purpose microprocessors to permit quite complex operations to be carried out without directly involving the main microprocessor. The microprocessor processes data under the control of the program, controlling the flow of information to and from memory and input/output devices. Some inpu

28、t/output devices are general-purpose types while others are designed for controlling special hardware such as disc drives or controlling information transmission to other computers. Most types of I/O devices are programmable to some extent, allowing different modes of operation, while some actually

29、contain special-purpose microprocessors to permit quite complex operations to be carried out without directly involving the main microprocessor. The microprocessor , memory and input/output circuit may all be contained on the same integrated circuit provided that the application does not require too

30、 much program or data storage . This is usually the case in low-cost application such as the controllers used in microwave ovens and automatic washing machines . The use of single package allows considerable cost savings to e made when articles are manufactured in large quantities . As technology de

31、velops , more and more powerful processors and larger and larger amounts of memory are being incorporated into single chip microcomputers with resulting saving in assembly costs in the final products . For the foreseeable future , however , it will continue to be necessary to interconnect a number of integrated circuits to make a microcomputer whenever larger amounts of storage or input/output are required. Another major engineering application of microcomputers is in process control. Here the presence of the microcomputer is usually more apparent to the user becaus