1、1、简单语句的译文虽然生硬,但基本可读。如:【例3】 I can see three different types of composers in musical history, each of whom creates music in a somewhat different fashion.我能看到音乐史上有三种不同的作曲家,他们中每一个人以某种不同的方式创作音乐。【译文】 我发现音乐史上有三类作曲家,他们各自的音乐创作方式有所不同。2、较复杂语句的译文似通非通,甚至不知所云。【例4】 The traditionalist type of composer begins with a
2、 pattern rather than with a theme. The creative act with Palestrina is not the thematic conception so much as the personal treatment of a well-established pattern.传统主义型作曲家始于某种格调而非某种主题。帕莱斯特里纳的创作行为不太像对固定格调进行个性化处理的主题概念。【译文】 传统型作曲家是从形式出发而不是从主题出发进行创作的。帕莱斯特里纳的创作不是主题的构思,而是对固定形式的个性化处理。3、典型的英语表达形式在汉语无法找到对等形式
3、,翻译无从着手。【例5】 Find yourself. Be yourself. Popularity will come - with the people who respect you for who you are.【译文】 发现自我,如实地表现自我,你自然会为人们所喜欢为那些尊重你的真正个性的人们所喜欢。【例6】 Where do you expect Shanghai to be in five years?【译文】 你预计今后五年上海的发展目标如何?翻译不是一种语言中的词语和语句结构到另一种语言的词语和语句结构的简单转换,也不是在另一种语言中寻找与一种语言中对等的词语和语句结构然
4、后将其串接成句的过程。在英汉翻译中,如果把眼光盯着原文的词语和语句结构这些属于语言层次的东西,结果翻译出来的只是一种文字层次的转换,徒具其形,原文的内容和意义不可能得到很好的表达。翻译究竟是什么呢?翻译的过程就好比交通工具的换乘过程,两者之间有诸多相似之处。 交通工具换乘过程:内容 (人员)载体(运输工具1) 内容(人员)载体(运输工具2)翻译过程:内容 (信息) 载体(源语) 内容(信息) 载体(译语)比较两者,其共同点有:(1) 两者带有相似的目的:两种转换过程都是为了实现内容通过载体的变换从一端到另一端的传递。(2) 两者含有相似的基本要素:第一要素内容,在交通工具换乘过程中是人员,而在
5、翻译过程中则是信息。第二要素载体,在交通工具换乘过程中是车辆、船舶、飞机等,转换前是一种运输工具,转换后改为另一种运输工具;而在翻译过程中则是语言,转换前是源语(source language),转换后是译语(target language)。 (3) 两者具有相似的操作要求:第一,两者都要求内容不变。第二,两者都要求过程顺畅德国译学教授Wolfram Wilss 在The Science of Translation:Problems & Methods一书中说:Translation is not simply a matter of seeking other words with si
6、milar meaning, but of finding appropriate ways of saying things in another language. Translating is always meaning-based, i.e. it is the transfer of meaning instead of form from the source language to the target language.(翻译不只是在另一种语言中寻找意义相似的其他词语,而是寻找表达事物的适当方式。翻译始终立足于语义,也就是说,是语义从源语到译语的转换,而不是形式。) 这说明了
7、翻译是语义的翻译,不是语言形式的翻译,是运用另一种语言的适当方式来表达一种语言所表达的内容,而不是在另一种语言中寻找与一种语言中含义相似的某些词语或结构。翻译必须跳出原文语言层面的束缚,必须着眼于传达原文的内容和意义。换句话说,翻译的基本单位应该是语篇,而不是词语结构。根据系统功能语言学家的观点,语言的实际使用单位是语篇这样的言语单位,而不是词语结构这样的语法单位。实际使用的语篇有可能是一个句子、一个句段、一个句群,也有可能是一个词语。翻译作为语言交际的一种形式,其实质是用一种语言的语篇材料代替另一种语言与其意义对等的语篇材料。翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的内容和意义准确而完整地重新表
8、达出来的语言活动。II. 课堂练习(分别用词语和形式对应译法和语义表达译法试译下列句子,并比较翻译中的感觉和译文的效果):1. Its more a poem than a picture. 2. He drank himself out of the best lines. 3. He pretends to be as modest as anything. 4. Fire goes wherever it can, but it prefers to follow a draft.5. The room was easily traced by the noise that was co
9、ming from it. 6. Taking care to pitch my voice to politeness, I asked about the next bus to Hattiesburg. 7. If you feel depressed at a social gathering, keep it a secret. 8. The bacteria pneumonia may complicate influenza at both extremes of age. III. 课堂练习参考译文:1. 与其说那是一幅画,不如说那是一首诗。2. 他借酒写得好诗句。3. 他装得
10、极为谦虚。4. 火是无孔不入的,可是它更爱窜入通风的地方。5. 循声而去,便轻而易举地找到了那间屋子。6. 我陪着小心,用温和的口吻询问开往哈蒂斯堡下一斑车的情况。7. 在社交场合,你就是感到情绪压抑,也不要表露出来。8. 患有流感的幼儿和老人可能并发细菌性肺炎。IV. 课外练习(分别用词语和形式对应译法和语义表达译法试译下列句子,并比较翻译中的感觉和译文的效果):1. He wants a lawyer who understands his case, who sympathizes with him and who has been there himself. 2. World-fam
11、ous for his works he was never personally well known, for throughout his life he avoided publicity. 3. While you are in the act of summoning your energies, focus on a plan. Dont exhaust yourself with fruitless excursions into any and all possibilities. 4. A book may be compared to your neighbor: if
12、it is good, it can not last too long; if bad you can not get rid of it too early. 5. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check - a check which has come back marked insufficient funds. 6. A friend is someone who draws out your own best qualities, with
13、whom you sparkle and become more of whatever the friendship draws upon.7. To petrol we owe the existence of the motor-car, which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the horse. To petrol we owe the possibility of flying.8. Because of limited insurance coverage, many people will have to look to
14、 their own resources - both emotional and financial - to care for an infirm or recovering relative at home. 9. During the last six years, 44 of 60 scholarship winners have been the children of foreigners. the talent search, certainly in this decade, is a tribute as much to immigration as to educatio
15、n. 10. The new architectural styles have become powerful image makers overseas. Two stunning arrivals now gracing Hong Kongs crowded skyline - the privately-owned Hong Kong & Shanghai Bank building and Bank of Chinas headquarters - stand as monuments to the rival economic interests, cultures and ide
16、ologies that define the city.Unit 2I. 课外练习参考译文:1. 他要找一位了解他的案情,同情他的处境,并有过亲身经历的人当他的律师。2. 他的著作举世闻名,而他个人却一直默默无闻,因为他一生始终避免抛头露面。3. 在集中精力的过程中,要集中于一种打算;不要同时涉足各种可能的情况而搞得精疲力竭一事无成。4. 书可以比作邻居:如果是好的,相处愈久愈好;如果是坏的,分手愈早愈好。5. 美国没有履行这种神圣的义务,相反,只是给黑人开了一张空头支票,上面盖了“资金不足”的戳子后被退了回来。6. 朋友是能使你表现出自己最佳品质的人,和他在一起你就会精神焕发,并且变得更具
17、有友谊所要求的种种内涵。7. 有了汽油,我们才有了汽车,取代了私人马车;有了汽油,我们才有可能飞上天空。8. 由于保险金的支付范围有限,许多人无论在感情上或经济上都必须靠自己的力量在家中照料病弱或康复中的亲人。9. 过去六年里,每60名奖学金获得者中就有44名是外来移民的子女。人才奖的评选,当然是指这十年,不仅为美国教育,也为美国移民增添了光彩。10. 这种种新的建筑风格已经非常有力地塑造了香港在海外的形象。在拥挤的空中出现了两幢令人叹为观止的新建筑点缀其间,一幢是私营的汇丰银行大楼,另一幢是中国银行总部,代表并象征了香港相互竞争的经济利益、文化和意识形态。II. 英汉翻译原理第二讲: 什么是
18、好的译文?【例7】 Public opinion plays a vital and healthy role in the political realm.公共舆论在政治领域起着生命力的、健康的作用。【译文】 舆论在政治领域起着极其重要的、有益的作用。【例8】 I am sure that it would change the situation if you are kind enough to lend support to me.我相信如果你有足够的好心支持我的话,它将会改变形势。【译文】 我相信如果你非常好心能撑我一把的话,情况就不一样了。【例9】 Jobs and work do
19、 much more than most of us realize to provide happiness and contentment.职业和工作带来很大的幸福和满足,而我们大多数人并不意识到这一点。【译文】 职业和工作对于获得幸福和满足起了很大的作用,我们大多数人对此却认识不足。两类问题:一类是译文语义基本符合原文,但汉语表达有欠正确;另一类是汉语表达尚有可读性,但译文语义不符原文。目前翻译界普遍接受的,也是作为一般翻译学习者必须努力掌握的标准,简而言之是两条:忠实 (Faithfulness) 和流畅 (Smoothness)。【例10】 For Nat Nakasa the pl
20、edge he was required to sign - to leave his country and never return proved too much; he committed suicide in New York. 纳特•纳卡萨不得不发誓离开祖国,不管情况如何永不返家,并自杀于纽约。【译文】 对纳特&纳卡萨来说,要他签字保证离开祖国永不返回是难以接受的:他在纽约自杀了。【例11】 In the wake of his mothers death some thirty-six years later, Hemingway turned back to the
21、 adventure and tried to write a novel about it. 在他母亲去世36年之后,海明威又想起了那次历险奇遇,并试图写一部小说。【译文】 大约36年过后,在他母亲去世后的不久海明威又想起了那次遭遇的险情,并试图就此写一部小说。外语腔是初学翻译者不知不觉地会在汉语译文中表现出来的一种不当倾向。翻译时所要表达的内容来自外语原文,原文的词语和结构形式随着内容一起进入到我们的大脑,于是原文的语言形式被带入译文,造成了译文的外语腔。【例12】 The only concession he made to the climate was to wear a white
22、 dinner jacket. 他对气候的唯一让步就是穿了一件白色的短餐衣。【译文】 气候变化,他仅稍稍作了一点变通,赴宴时穿了件白色的短礼服。【例13】 If certain animal psychologists are right, a dog adopts his family in a most literal way - taking it for granted that the family is the band of dogs he belongs to. 假如某些动物心理学家的分析正确,狗在很大程度上代表着它的家人 理所当然这一家也就属于狗帮了。【译文】 假如有些动物心
23、理学家的分析正确,狗对于他所在家庭的认同是非常实际的它理所当然地认为这一家人就是它所归属的一群狗。现代西方著名翻译理论家Eugene A. Nida 在其理论著述中经常谈到读者反应的问题。他认为,翻译的服务对象是读者,要评判译文质量的优劣,必须看读者对译文的反应如何,同时必须把这种反应与原作读者对原文可能产生的反应进行对比,看两种反应是否基本一致。除了忠实和流畅这两项基本标准之外,好的译文还必须保持原文的风格,包括民族风格、时代风格、语体风格、作者个人的语言风格等。文艺作品的翻译尤其要求这样做。译者不能破坏或改变原文的风格,不能以译者的风格代替原作的风格。III. 课堂练习(努力按照忠实原文和
24、译文流畅两项标准,把下列句子译成汉语):1. She couldnt have come at a better time. 2. She has been a widow only six months. 3. I believe the speech was needlessly stubborn.4. The Macedonian argument has a Greek dimension too.5. The Englishman feels no less deeply than any other nationality.6. From a physical standpoint
25、, there ought to be as many colours as there are different wave lengths. 7. But the next century well be able to alter our DNA radically, encoding our visions and vanities while concocting new life-forms. 8. As a human being, we should demonstrate our intellectual and moral superiority by respecting
26、 others for who they are - instead of rejecting them for who/what they are not. IV. 课堂练习参考译文:1. 她来得正是时候。2. 她的丈夫去世至今不过半年。3. 我认为那篇讲话口气强硬,大可不必。4. 马其顿之争同希腊也有关系。5. 英国人同其他民族一样,也有丰富的感情。6. 从物理学的观点来看,不同的波长有多少种,颜色就有多少种。7. 但下个世纪我们将能根本改变DNA,能在构建新的生命时把我们的种种想象、种种出于虚荣的要求,都编入遗传密码。8. 作为人,我们应该不问他人的身份如何都尊重他们,从而显示出自己高超
27、的智慧和道德,而不要因为他们没有某种身份或地位而去卑视他们。V. 课外练习(努力按照忠实原文和译文流畅两项标准,把下列短文译成汉语):I first took up walking as a means of escape. After a busy morning in my office, I found it refreshing to take a stroll at lunchtime, to breathe the fresh air and feel the sun. Another walk in the cold night air was, I discovered, an
28、 exhilarating way to unwind. Ill never forget the feeling I got one winter night as I walked the deserted streets after many grueling hours at the hospital. I suddenly realized that I no longer felt tense or tired. All the worries about my patients illnesses, as well as my own personal cares, seemed
29、 to evaporate as quickly as the smoky vapor of my breath in the frosty night. As I incorporated walking into my schedule, not only were my spirits lifted, but my weight and blood pressure were gradually reduced. I began reviewing the medical literature on walking. From this research, and my clinical observations as a family physician, I found that it is possible to walk your way to better health, a trimmer body and a longer life - no matter what your age. Walking - like swimming, bicycling and running - is an aerobic exercise whi
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