1、(3)形容词enoughThere is time enough to take care of everything. 有时间足以料理一切。We didnt have time enough to finish the work. 我们当时没有足够的时间完成那件工作the+adj.的语法特点1. 复数性“the+形容词”表示一类具有某种特征或特性的人时,通常表示复数意义,若用作主语,谓语要用复数。如:The rich get richer and the poor get poorer. 富者愈富,贫者愈贫。The injured were carried away on stretcher
2、s. 用担架把受伤的人抬走了。The old are more likely to catch cold than the young. 老年人比年轻人更容易感冒。2. 单数性“the+形容词”若表示抽象概念,则表示单数意义,用作主语时,谓语要用单数。He doesnt know the right from the wrong. 他不辨是非。The unknown is always something to be feared. 未知的东西总是一种令人害怕的东西。The beautiful is not always the good, and the good is not always
3、 the true. 美未必是善,善未必是真。3. 单复性有个别的“the+形容词”结构既表示单数意义,也表示复数意义,若用作主语,谓语动词用单数还是复数需视情况而定。the good 指“好人”时表复数意义,指“善”时表单数意义;the accused 指一名被告时表单数意义,指多名被告时表复数意义。比较:The accused was acquitted of the charge. 被告被宣告无罪。(指一人)The accused were acquitted of the charge. 被告均被宣告无罪。(指多人)4. 习惯性(1) 有的表达带有一定的习惯性,如“病人”习惯说成 th
4、e sick,而不说 the ill。(2) 这类结构习惯上不用于-s 所有格形式,若语义需要,可考虑用 of 所有格。正:He is interested in the problems of the poor. 他对穷人的问题感兴趣。误:He is interested in the poors problems.“the+形容词”结构可以省去冠词吗“the + 形容词”这类结构中的定冠词通常不能省略,但是以下几种情况是例外:1. 受数量词语修饰时省略定冠词即其中的形容词受到表示数量的词以及 many, more 等修饰时,定冠词通常省略。Many sick are well cared
5、for in hospitals. 许多病人在医院受到良好的照顾。There are more unemployed than ever before. 现在失业的人比以往任何时候都多。2. 用于对称结构时省略定冠词即用 and 或 or 连接成对称结构时,通常省略定冠词。There are opportunities for both rich and poor. 穷人和富人都有机会。Good and bad alike admired the baseball heroes. 不分好人和坏人,大家都钦佩那些棒球英雄。3. 用于并列结构时省略定冠词对于两个由and 或 or 连接成的非对称结
6、构,有时可将后面一个形容词前的定冠词省略(也可以不省略)。It was said that the hospital was full of the sick and (the) wounded. 据说医院里挤满了伤病员。We carried the dead and (the) wounded off the battlefield. 我们把伤亡者抬出了战场。4. 个别结构习惯上可省略冠词在现代英语中,有个别的“the+形容词”结构在单独使用时也可省略冠词。The number of unemployed is rising all the time. 失业人数在不断上升。多个形容词做定语时
7、的排列顺序有时,一个名词前出现有多个形容词作定语,这时,它们的顺序一般须根据它们与被修饰的中心词之间关系的密切程度而定。在通常情况下,它们的顺序为大致遵循以下原则:描绘形容词大小(长短高低)形容词形状形容词年龄(新旧)形容词颜色形容词国籍形容词材料形容词用途(类别)形容词名词I bought a nice(好看的) small(小小的) round(圆形的) new(新的) yellow(黄色的) French (法国产的) oak(橡木做的) writing desk(写字台). 但是,以上情况并不绝对,例外的情况是常有的,况且以上规则也不好记。下面再介绍几条原则性的东西,供参考:1. 总体
8、描述在前,具体描述在后;2. 主观描述在前,客观描述在后;3. 普遍性描述在前,特殊性描述在后;4. 音节少的词在前,音节多的词在后;5. 与所修饰的名词关系不紧密的在前,关系紧密的在后。注:有时,两个互补的形容词修饰同一个名词或代词,强调全部围时,可用and / or连起来(如:old and young, long or short, male and female)放在名词或代词的后面,并且名词与形容词之间常用逗号隔开。Visitors, old and young,were delighted. 不管老少,所有的参观者都很高兴。定语形容词和表语形容词一般说来,形容词既可作定语又可作表语
9、,但是,有些形容词只用于名词前作定语,它们被称为定语形容词,而另有一些形容词则只用作表语,它们被称为表语形容词。1. 常见的定语形容词有elder(年岁较大的), eldest(最年长的), indoor (室的), outdoor(室外的), daily(每天的), everyday(每天的), weekly(每周的), monthly(每月的), yearly(每后的), last(最后的), wooden(木制的), woolen(毛纺的)等。I like wooden furniture. 我喜欢木制家具。School is an everyday event for most chi
10、ldren. 对大多数孩子来说,上学是每天都要做的事。2. 常见的表语形容词有afraid(害怕的), alike(相同的), alive(活着的), alone(单独的), ashamed(羞愧的), asleep(睡着的), awake(醒着的), aware(意识到的), ill(有病的), well(身体健康的), glad(高兴的), pleased(高兴的), sorry(难过的), content(满意的), fond(喜欢的)等。Is the baby still asleep? 这个婴儿还在睡觉吗?My family are all fond of going to the
11、cinema. 我全家都爱看电影。We are not content with the present achievements. 我们不满足于目前的成就。注意:关于表语形容词和定语形容词的用法并不是绝对的,当它们表示的意思发生变化,其用法也可能随之变化,如 ill 表示“生病的”通常只用表语,但表示“坏的”时,却通常只用作定语。英语副词分类详解一、时间副词1. 常见的时间副词常见的时间副词有now, then, soon, ago, recently, lately, later, finally, before, early, today tomorrow, yesterday, ton
12、ight, suddenly, immediately, already, just 等。2. 时间副词在句中的位置(1) 表确定时间的副词(如today, yesterday等)通常位于句末,有时也位于句首:He went home yesterday. / Yesterday he went home. 他昨天回家了。而那些表示非确定时间的副词(如 soon, recently, suddenly等)除可用于句末或句首外,还可位于句中(通常位于实意动词之前,动词be、助动词、情态动词之后):He went to Paris recently. / He recently went to P
13、aris. / Recently he went to Paris. 最近他去了巴黎。(2) still, already, just 等几个表示时间的副词通常位于句中(实意动词之前,动词be、助动词、情态动词之后):Hes just left for school. 他刚刚去学校。I have already finished my work. 我已经做完了工作。当要表示强调时,still和already也可位于动词be、助动词等之前:She was still still was beautiful at the age of forty. 她到了40岁仍然很美。I already hav
14、e told him about it. 我已经把情况告诉他了。still若用于否定句,则总是位于助动词之前:I still dont understand what you mean. 我还是不明白你的意思。另外,still 和already 还可位于句末,表示惊奇:Are you on page one still? 你还在看第1页?Is your mother back already? 你妈妈就已经回来了?二、地点副词1. 常见的地点副词常见的地点副词有here, there, up, down, away, nearby, home, ahead, abroad, indoors,
15、overseas, halfway, upstairs, downstairs 等。2. 地点副词在句中的位置地点副词在句常位于句末或句首,但从不位于主语和谓语之间。若有多个副词排列,地点副词通常位于方式副词之后,时间副词之前:Can you help to carry this table upstairs? 你能帮忙把桌子搬到楼上去吗?The boy read quietly over there all afternoon. 这男孩整个下午都在那儿静静地看书。三、方式副词1. 方式副词的特点方式副词表示动词的行为方式,许多以-ly结构的副词都是方式副词,如carefully, happi
16、ly, quietly, heavily, warmly, correctly, politely, angrily 等。2. 方式副词在句中的位置(1) 方式副词通常位于动词(及其宾语)之后:He read the letter slowly. 他从容不迫地看了那封信。方式副词通常不位于动词与宾语之间,除非动词后的宾语很长: 不可说:We like very much it. (应改为We like it very much.)但可说:We could see very clearly a strange light ahead of us. 我们可以很清楚地看到在我们前方有一道奇怪的光。若
17、遇到“动词+介词+宾语”结构,方式副词既可位于“介词+宾语”之前,也可位于“介词+宾语”之后,但是若该结构的宾语较长,则方式副词通常位于“介词+宾语”之前:He looked at me curiously. / He looked curiously at me. 他好奇地打量着我。He looked curiously at everyone who got off the plane. 他好奇地打量着从飞机上走下来的每一个人。(2) 方式副词(主要是单个的方式副词)有时也可位于主语与动词之间:He quickly got dressed. 他赶紧穿好衣服。He angrily tore
18、up the letter. 他很生气,把信撕碎了。(3) 有的方式副词(如bravely, cleverly, cruelly, foolishly, generously, kindly, secretly, simply等)位于动词之前和位于句末会导致句子意思的变化:They secretly decided to leave the town. 他们秘密决定离开这个城市。They decided to leave the town secretly. 他们决定秘密地离开这个城市。He answered the questions foolishly. 他对这个问题作了愚蠢的回答。He
19、foolishly answered the questions. 他愚蠢地回答了这个问题。(4) 有的方式副词(如gently, quietly, slowly, suddenly 等)有时可位于句首,以达到某种戏剧性的效果(这主要见于书面语中):Suddenly, the driver started the engine. 突然地,司机启动了发动机。四、频度副词1. 频度副词的特点频度副词表示动作发生的次数,常见有的ever, never, rarely, seldom, once, often, occasionally, constantly, frequently, usually
20、, continually, always 等。2. 频度副词在句中的位置频度副词通常位于实意动词之前,动词be、助动词、情态动词之后:He often comes to see us. 他常来看我们。He is seldom late for school. 他上学很少迟到。有时为了强调,频度副词也可位于动词be、助动词等之前:She always was late. 她老是迟到。有的频度副词可位于句末(尤其受very, only修饰时):I get paid on Fridays usually. 我通常在星期五领工资。We go out very seldom. 我们很少外出。Do yo
21、u go to the cinema very often? 你常去看电影吗?有的频度副词(如sometimes, often, usually, frequently, occasionally等)可位于句首(此时多半是因为强调或对比):Sometimes he went there by bus. 有时他坐公共汽车去那儿。Very often the phone rings when Im in the bath. 经常在我洗澡时响。【注】含有否定意义的频度副词置于句首时,其后要用倒装语序:Never have I been there. 我从未去过那儿。Seldom does he se
22、e a film. 他很少看电影。另外,频度副词always 和 never通常不位于句首,除非是祈使句:Always remember this. 时刻记住这一点。Never go out at night. 晚上千万不要出去。3. 频度副词在否定句中的位置在否定句中,有的频度副词可位于否定词not之后或之前(如usually, often),有的频度副词则必须位于否定词之后(如always, constantly, continually, continuously,均含有“连续不断”之意),而有的频度副词却必须要位于否定词not之前(如sometimes, frequently):He
23、doesnt usually come here. / He usually doesnt come here. 他通常不来这儿。She doesnt always come late. 她并非总是迟到。(不能说 always doesnt)He is sometimes not responsible for what he does. 他有时对所做的事不负责任。五、程度副词1. 程度副词的特点程度副词用于表示程度,常见的有 fairly, pretty, rather, quite, very, much, too, greatly, almost, nearly, half, highl
24、y, awfully, deeply, partly, perfectly, really 等。2. 程度副词的用法注意点(1) 程度副词主要用于修饰形容词和副词,有的还可修饰比较级(如much, rather 等)和最高级(如quite, much, almost 等):Houses are much more expensive these days. 如今的房价贵多了。This is quite much the most expensive radio here. 这是这里最贵的收音机。【注】quite 有时也修饰比较级,但只用于quite better(身体康复)这一表达。(2) 有
25、的程度副词(如quite, rather, almost等)可修饰动词,但有的(如fairly, pretty, very等)则不能修饰动词:I quite agree with you. 我完全同意你的意见。(不用fairly, pretty, very)We rather like the film. 我们很喜欢这部电影。(3) 个别的程度副词(主要是quite和rather)还可修饰名词(注意词序):Its quite rather a good idea. / Its a quite rather good idea. 那可真是个好主意。若此结构中没有形容词,则 quite 和 rat
26、her 则只能放在冠词之前:It was quite rather a success. 那事相当成功。六、连接副词1. 连接副词的分类连接副词可分为两类,一类是用于连接句子或从句,常见的有therefore, besides, otherwise, however, moreover, still, thus, meanwhile等;另一类是用于引导从句或不定式,主要的有when, why, where, how 等。2. 连接句子或从句的连接副词其性质类似于并列连词,使用时其前通常用分号或句号;若其前用逗号,则通常带有并列连词(如and):I dont like it; besides,
27、its too expensive. 我不喜欢它,而且也太贵了。We all tried our best; however, we lost the game. / We all tried our best. However, we lost the game. 我们都已尽了最大的努力,不过我们还是输了。注意,有的连接副词(如however等)后通常有逗号与句子的其他成分隔开。另外,这类副词有的还可位于句中或句末:He may, however, come later. 不过,他也许一会儿就到。We all tried out best. We lost the game, however
28、. 我们都已尽了最大的努力,不过我们还是输了。Peter is our youngest child, and we have three others besides. 彼特是我们最小的孩子,我们另外还有三个。3. 引导从句和不定式的连接副词用于引导从句(名词性从句)或不定式的连接副词主要有when, why, where, how等:Tell me when we shall leave. / Tell me when to leave. 告诉我什么时候离开。I dont know how I can find him. / I dont know how to find him. 我不知
29、道如何找到他。Where we can get the money is just our problem. / Where to get the money is just our problem. 到哪里去弄这笔钱正是我们头痛的事。Thats why he speaks English so well. 那就是他为什么英语讲得这么好的原因。【注】连接副词why 后不能接不定式,如可说 I dont know why I must leave.(我不知道我为什么必须离开),但不能说 I dont know why to leave。七、关系副词1. 关系副词的特点关系副词用于引出定语从句,主要有when, where, why:Sunday is th
copyright@ 2008-2022 冰豆网网站版权所有
经营许可证编号:鄂ICP备2022015515号-1