职称英语理工类新增文章及翻译Word格式文档下载.docx

1、 An Essential Scientific ProcessAll life on the earth depends upon green plants. Using sunlight, the plants produce their own food. Then animals feed upon the plants. They take in the nutrients the plants have made and stored. But thats not all. Sunlight also helps a plant produce oxygen. Some of th

2、e oxygen is used by the plant, but a plant usually produces more oxygen than it uses. The excess oxygen is necessary for animals and other organisms to live.The process of changing light into food and oxygen is called photosynthesis. Besides light energy from the sun, plants also use water and carbo

3、n dioxide. The water gets to the plant through its roots. The carbon dioxide enters the leaves through tiny openings called stomata. The carbon dioxide travels to chloroplasts, special cells in the bodies of green plants. This is where photosynthesis takes place. Chloroplasts contain the chlorophyll

4、s that give plants their green color. The chlorophylls are the molecules that trap light energy. The trapped light energy changes water and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and a simple sugar called glucose.Carbon dioxide and oxygen move into and out of the stomata. Water vapor also moves out of the

5、 stomata. More than 90 percent of water a plant takes in through its roots escapes through the stomata. During the daytime, the stomata of most plants are open. This allows carbon dioxide to enter the leaves for photosynthesis. As night falls, carbon dioxide is not needed. The stomata of most plants

6、 close. Water loss stops.If photosynthesis ceased, there would be little food or other organic matter on the earth. Most organisms would disappear. The earths atmosphere would no longer contain oxygen. Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet.词汇：nutrient n.营养物 organism n.生物体，有机体 carbon dio

7、xide n.二氧化碳chloroplast n.叶绿体 molecule n.分子 vapor n.水蒸气 oxygen n.氧气photosynthesis n.光合作用 chlorophyll n.叶绿素 glucose n.葡萄糖 cease v.停止注释：1Then animals feed upon the plants.动物以植物为食。练习：1In the first paragraph，the word “excess” meansAheavy. Bextra. Cgreen. Dliquid.2Which of the following does not move thro

8、ugh a plants stomata?ACarbon dioxide. BWater vapor. COxygen. DFood.3In the title, the term Essential Scientific Process refers toAphotosynthesis. Bthe formation of glucose.Cglobal warming. Dwater getting to the roots of plants.4This passage is primarily developed byAexplaining a process . Btelling a

9、 story.Ccomparing and contrasting. Dconvincing the reader of plants importance.5Another good title for this passage would beAOxygen and Carbon Dioxide. BPlants and Their Roots.CHow Photosynthesis Works. DWhy Our Earth Needs Water.答案与题解：1B前文讲到，植物产生的氧气一部分被植物自身消耗了，但植物消耗的氧气量远小于它们产生的氧气，因此可以推测这句话的意思应该是剩余的

10、氧气对于动物以及其他生物体的生存是至关重要的。excess在句中的意思是“超额的”，与extra“额外的”意思相近。2D从第三段的第一、二句得知，二氧化碳、氧气和水蒸气都能从气孔中通过，唯一一个没有提到的是food“养分、食物”，因此该题选D项。3A文章通篇都在讲Photosynthesis，即光合作頌钠作用和重要性，文章结尾又重申了Photosynthesis is essential for life on our planet，因此选A项。B项是光合作用的一个部分，C、D项则毫不相干。4A文章先是介绍了进行光合作用所需的原料和组织，又介绍了光合作用的过程，因此整个逻辑应该是解释过程，而不

11、是讲故事或比较对比。D项是“向读者说明植物的重要性”，这确实是文章的一个目的，但不是文章的组织方式。5C文章的主题是光合作用的基本原理，因此选项C。A、B项在文中有提及，但不是主旨，D项与本文无关。*第二十二篇 Real World RobotsWhen you think of a robot, do you envision a shiny, metallic device having the same general shape as a human being, performing humanlike functions, and responding to your questi

12、ons in a monotone voice accentuated by high-pitched tones and beeps? This is the way many of us imagine a robot, but in the real world, a robot is not humanoid at all. Instead a robot often is a voiceless, box-shaped machine that efficiently carries out repetitive or dangerous functions usually perf

13、ormed by humans. Todays robot is more than an automatic machine that performs one task again and again. A modern robot is programmed with varying degrees of artificial intelligencethat is, a robot contains a computer program that tells it how to perform tasks associated with human intelligence, such

14、 as reasoning, drawing conclusions, and learning from past experience.A robot does not possess a human shape for the simple reason that a two-legged robot has great difficulty remaining balanced. A robot does, however, move from place to place on wheels and axles that roll and rotate. A robot even h

15、as limbs that swivel and move in combination with joints and motors. To find its way in its surroundings1, a robot utilizes various built-in sensors. Antennae attached to the robots base detect anything they bump into. If the robot starts to teeter as it moves on an incline, a gyroscope or a pendulu

16、m inside it senses the vertical differential. To determine its distance from an object and how quickly it will reach the object，the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound waves off obstructions in its path2. These and other sensors constantly feed information to the computer, which

17、then analyzes the information and corrects or adjusts the robots actions. As science and technology advance, the robot too will progress in its functions and use of artificial-intelligence programs.envision v. 想象，预想 device n. 装置 accentuate v. 强调，重读artificial intelligence n. 人工智能 limb n. 臂 antennae n

18、. 天线 incline v. 倾斜pendulum n. 钟摆 ultrasonic adj. 超声的 metallic adj. 金属的monotone n. 单调的 humanoid adj. 像人的 axle n. 轮轴 rotate v. 旋转 swivel n. 旋转 teeter v. 摇晃gyroscope n. 陀螺仪，回转仪 vertical n. 直立的1To find its way in its surroundings.：为了在周围找到路2the robot bounces beams of laser light and ultrasonic sound wave

19、s off obstructions in its path：机器人发射激光束和超声波，反射到障碍物上（以此来探知路径）。1Another good title for this passage would beARobots: Taking the Place of Humans. BArtificial Intelligence Programs.CTodays Robots and How They Function. DModern-Day Sensors.2Artificial intelligence isAthe unnatural way in which robots mov

20、e.Ba voiceless, box-shaped machine that performs repetitive tasks.Csensors such as antennae and a gyroscope.Da computer program that imitates human intellectual processes.3The last paragraph suggests that future robots will beAmore humanlike in behavior and actions. Bmore like automatic machines.Cbe

21、tter able to move on inclines. Dbetter equipped with laser light sensors.4The writer begins the passage by comparingAthe shape of a human being with a box. Ba modem robot with a fictional robot.C an imaginary machine with a human. D a computer program with artificial intelligence.5The word humanoid

22、meansAlacking human characteristics. Banything having the appearance of a humanoid.Cbeing void or vacant. Dhaving a human form or characteristics.1C从文中得知，文章主要介绍了机器人和它们的运行方式，因此选择C选项。2DArtificial是“人工”的意思，intelligence是“智能”的意思。另外从文中得知，机器人使用artificial intelligence能够进行与人类类似的推理分析等活动，因此可知它是一种类似人类智能的计算机程序。3A

23、最后一段讲机器人的发展方向是更加智能，能够自己判断并修正行为，而不仅仅是完成重复性的工作。4B文章开头的时候作者让读者描述他们脑海中的机器人概念，并随后介绍了实际的机器人是怎样的，因此选择B选项。5D从humanoid的词根human可看出这个词是形容与人类有关的特征。另外根据文章对这个词的描述可以得出这个词是表示和人类类似的特征，不管是外形上，还是行为方式上。第五篇 A Record-Breaking RoverNASAs Mars rover Opportunity has boldly gone where no rover has gone beforeat least in term

24、s of distance. _1_On July 27, after years of moving about on Martian ground, the golf-cart-sized Opportunity had driven more than 24 miles, beating the previous record holdera Soviet rover sent to the moon in 1973.“This is so remarkable considering Opportunity was intended to drive about 1 kilometer

25、 and was never designed for distance,” says John Callas, the Mars Exploration Rover Project Manager._2_ “But what is really importantly is not how many miles the rover has racked up, but how much exploration and discovery we have accomplished over that distance.”OPPORTUNITYThe solar-powered Opportun

26、ity and its twin rover, Spirit, landed on Mars 10 years ago on a mission expected to last 3 months. _3_Spirit stopped communicating with Earth in March 2010, a few months after it got stuck in a sand pit. But Opportunity has continued to collect and analyze Martian soil and rocks.During its mission,

27、 Opportunity has captured, and sent back to Earth, some 187,000 panoramic and microscopic images of Mars with its cameras. _4_MARATHON ROVERThe rover doesnt seem to be ready to stop just yet. If Opportunity can continue on, it will reach another major investigation site when its odometer hits 26.2 m

28、iles. _5_Researchers believe that clay minerals exposed near Marathon Valley could hold clues to Marss ancient environment1. Opportunitys continuing travels will also help researchers as they plan for an eventual human mission to the Red Planet.Mars rover n. 火星车 panoramic adj. 全景的odometer n. 里程计 rac

29、k up v. 积累 microscopic adj. 微观的注释1could hold clues to Marss ancient environment：含有与火星早期环境有关的线索。AIt has also provided scientists with data on the planets atmosphere, soil, rocks, and terrain.BHe works at NASAs Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California.CScientists call this site Marathon Valle

30、y, because when the rover reaches the area, it will have traveled the same distance as the length of a marathon since its arrival on Mars.DOpportunity has been working on Mars since January 2004.EThe objective of the rovers was to help scientists learn more about the planet and to search for signs of life，such as the possible presence of water.FSince arriving on the Red Planet in 2004, Opportunity has traveled 25.01 miles, more than any other wheeled vehicle has on another world.1F前文讲“机遇号”在距离上比之前的任何漫游车行进的距离都长，因此接下来应该讨论关于行进距离的问题。2B前文引入了一个新人物John Callas，而后文是他说的一些话，因此这里应该填写的内容是对这个人的进