Unit 1The Power of LanguageWord文档格式.docx

1、说法；表态question v. 表示疑问；怀疑evaluate vt. 估计；评价，评估 context n. （事情发生的）背景，环境，来龙去脉value n. 是非标准；价值观represent v. 描述；表现assertion n. 明确肯定；断言sufficient adj. 足够的；充足的statistic n. 统计数字；统计资料integrate v.（使）合并，成为一体authority n. 专家；学术权威；泰斗compare v. 比较；对比subject n. 主题；题目；题材consistent adj. 相符的；符合的 （consistency）inconsist

2、ency n. 不一致assumption n. 假定；假设case n. 具体情况；事例directly adv. 直接地；径直地identify v. 找到；发现valid adj. 符合逻辑的；合理的；确凿的credible adj. 可信的；可靠的landmark n.（标志重要阶段的）里程碑；地标relevant adj. 紧密相关的；切题的current adj. 现时发生的；当前的appropriate adj. 合适的；恰当的bias n. 偏见；偏心；偏向considerably adv. 非常；很；相当多地Democrat n.（美国）民主党党员，民主党支持者Republi

3、can n.（美国）共和党党员，共和党支持者reflect v. 显示；表明；表达informed adj. 有学问的；有见识的Phrases and Expressionsapply to 使用；适用于put forth 提出；产生take sth into account 考虑；顾及accept/take sth at face value 相信表面；信以为真with a grain of salt 有保留地；持怀疑态度地重点词汇判断公正（或审慎的）eg: Try to develop a more critical attitude, instead of accepting every

4、thing at face value. 要学会对一切事物一丝不苟, 而不要注重表面现象.其他用法： 危机中的；危急时刻的；决定性的；关键的 We are at a critical time in our history.我们正处于历史的紧要关头。衍生：criticize, criticise vt. sb/sth （for sth） 批评某人某事物；挑剔；非难 Stop criticizing （my work）! 别再挑剔（我那作品）了! 评论（艺术文学等作品） teaching students how to criticize poetry 向学生讲授评论诗歌的方法criticism

5、 n. 批评evaluate vt. 估计; 评价，评估 I cant evaluate his ability without seeing his work.我没有看到他的工作情况, 无法评论他的能力。衍生: Val=value, worth 价值valuable（有价值的）, invaluable（无法估价的）, devaluate（贬值）, evaluate（估价）, undervalue（低估）符合的 用法: be with stheg：What you say now is not consistent with what you said last week.你现在说的话与你上星

6、期说过的话不相符。consistency 一致inconsistency 不一致identify vt. 找到；发现; 识别身份She identified the man as her attacker. 她认出那个男人就是袭击过她的人。identification n.身份证明 Can I see your identification, please? 请给我看看你的身分证件行吗?identity n 身份There is no clue to the identity of the thief.没有确定窃贼身份的线索。identity card （also ID card） 身份证（通

7、常有相片，供本人携带或佩带） a credible witness/statement/report 可信的证人/陈词/报道-able/ible “可的，能的”believable可信的，acceptable 可接受的，desirable值得要的，accessible可接近，flexible 灵活的credibility n. 可信性；可靠性-ability/ibility “可性”: adaptability 适应能力, dependability 可靠性apply vi. （to sb/sth） be relevant （to sb/sth）; have an effect （与某人/某物

8、）有关；有效；适用 These rules dont always apply. 这些规则并非总能行得通。make a formal request 申请；请求 apply for sth apply for a post/passport/visa 申请职位/护照/签证apply to sb I applied to four universities and was accepted by all of them.我申请了四所大学，并都被他们录取了。课文学习议论文把握观点：中心观点、段落观点把握结构：文章结构、段落结构、衔接手段topic sentence （主题句） topic （主题）

9、 controlling idea（观点）篇章核心，段落灵魂:Beijing is a modern city. Beijing is an ancient city.结构: 总分总 总分段落构成:1.主题句（Topic Sentence）：点出段落的主题（谈论什么）。 2.扩展句（Developing Sentence）：说明和支持主题。 3.结尾句（Concluding Sentence）：得出结论。文章:观点论证结论Critical reading applies to non-fiction writing in which the author puts forth a positi

10、on or seeks to make a statement. Critical reading is active reading. It involves more than just understanding what an author is saying. Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying. Here are the things y

11、ou should do to be a critical reader. 批判性地阅读 批判性阅读适合于那种作者提出一个观点或试图陈述一个说法的纪实类写作。批判性阅读是积极阅读。它不仅仅包括理解作者说了些什么，还包括质疑和评价作者的话，并对此形成自己的观点。成为一名批判性阅读者需要做到以下几点。Consider the context of what is written. You may be reading something that was written by an author from a different cultural context than （=from） your

12、s. Or, you may be reading something written some time ago in a different time context than yours. In either case, you must recognize and take into account any differences between your values and attitudes and those represented by the author.考虑写作背景。你所读的可能是与你有不同文化背景的人所写的，或者是与你有不同时代背景的人多年以前所写的。无论哪种情况，你

13、都必须注意并考虑你的价值观和态度与作者所代表的价值观和态度有何不同。Question assertions made by the author. Dont accept what is written at face value（完全地, 以面值/表象）. Before accepting what is written, be certain that the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made. Look for facts, examples, and statistics that provide su

14、pport. Also, look to see if （=whether） the author has integrated the work of authorities.质疑作者的论点。不要轻信作品的表面意思。在接受作者观点前，首先要确定作者作出的每一个论点都有足够的论据支持。找出能支持该论点的事实、实例、和数据。另外，注意作者是否参考了权威著作。Compare what is written with other written work on the subject. Look to see that what is written is consistent with what

15、others have written about the subject. If there are inconsistencies, carefully evaluate the support the author provides for the inconsistencies.与同主题文章进行比较。查看该作者的文章与其他作者关于同一主题的文章是否有一致性。如果存在不一致性，对不一致的地方背后的论据支持要进行仔细甄别。Analyze assumptions made by the author. Assumptions are whatever the author must beli

16、eve is true in order to make assertions. In many cases, the authors assumptions are not directly stated. This means you must read carefully in order to identify any assumptions. Once you identify an assumption, you must decide whether or not the assumption is valid.分析作者提出的假设。假设是作者认为具有正确性的前提，基于这些前提作者

17、才能提出论点。很多时候作者的假设并没有直接说明，这就意味着你必须通过仔细阅读来发现这些假设。一旦发现某一假设，你必须判断这一假设是否合理。Evaluate the sources the author uses. In doing this, be certain that the sources are credible. For example, Einstein is a credible source if the author is writing about landmark achievements in physics. Also be certain that the sou

18、rces are relevant. Einstein is not a relevant source when the subject is poetry. Finally, if the author is writing about a subject in its current state, be sure that the sources are current. For example, studies done by Einstein in the early 20th century may not be appropriate if the writer is discu

19、ssing the current state of knowledge in physics.鉴别文章出处。鉴别时要确保文章出处真实可信。例如，如果文章是关于物理学里程碑式的成就，那么爱因斯坦的论述就是可靠的出处。此外还要确保出处具有相关性。如果文章主题是诗歌，那么爱因斯坦的论述就不是相关出处。最后，如果作者写的是某个主题当前的情形，那就要确保出处来源也是当前最新的。例如，如果作者讨论的是物理学知识的现状，那么爱因斯坦在二十世纪早期进行的研究可能就不适合作出处了。Identify any possible author bias. A written discussion of Americ

20、an politics will likely look considerably different depending on whether the writer is a Democrat or a Republican. What is written may very well reflect a biased position. You need to take this possible bias into account when reading what the author has written. That is, take what is written with a

21、grain of salt （有保留地）.甄别作者可能带有的偏见。有关美国政治的书面论述可能因作者是共和党人或民主党人迥然而异。作者所写的内容很可能反映其带有偏见的立场。阅读时要考虑到这种偏见存在的可能性。也就是说，要对文章内容“半信半疑”。By being a critical reader, you will become better informed and may change your views as appropriate. 成为一名批判性阅读者，你的思路会不断拓宽，观点会更加合理。Critical reading involves questioning and evalua

22、ting what the author is saying, and forming your own opinions about what the author is saying. Here are the things you should do to be a critical reader.1）Consider the context of what is written.2）Question assertions made by the author.3）Compare what is written with other written book on the subject

23、.4）Analyze assumptions made by the author.5）Evaluate the sources the author uses.6）Identify any possible author bias.语法学习1.把握结构，理解内涵2.结合例句，结合文章关系副词引导的定语从句先行名词+where/ in（on/at） which College is a place where/in which we learn how to learn. 大学是学会如何学习的地方。 Forest is a place where people can get close to

24、 nature. 森林是可以接近自然的地方。先行名词+when/in（on/at） which Ill never forget the day when we first met in the park.我将永远不会忘记我们在公园第一次相遇的那一天。先行名词+why/for which Do you know the reason why he didnt come to the meeting yesterday morning？你知道他为什么没有参加昨天早上会议的原因吗？Exercises I Checking your comprehension1. Reading non-ficti

25、on writing critically involves _.A. supporting the authors opinionB. developing your own opinionsC. understanding what is writtenD. reading without any imagination 【正确答案】B【答案解析】此题为句意理解题。由文中第一段Critical reading involves questioning and evaluating what the author is saying, and forming your own opinion

26、s about what the author is saying 可知，非文学类作品的批评性阅读是要提出自己的观点和摆明自己的态度，选项B,即提出自己的观点，最为恰当。答案为B。2. Before accepting what is written in an article, you should be sure that_.A. enough support for the assertions has been givenB. your values and attitudes have been reflected in itC. it has been checked from a

27、n authoritative sourceD. you have found the differences in the writing styles 【正确答案】A由文中第三段第三句，Before accepting what is written, be certain that the author provides sufficient support for any assertions made 可知，选项A符合文中意思，即你在接受作者的观点之前，要确信有足够的论据支持作者的论点。答案为A。3. If there are some inconsistent points in

28、the article, you should_.A. insist on your own opinion and confirm itB. avoid mentioning the inconsistenciesC. emphasize the work of authoritiesD. examine the authors supportive statements 【正确答案】D由文中第四段末句，If there are inconsistencies, carefully evaluate the support the author provides for the inconsistencies 可知，选项D最符合原文，即如果文章中有不一致的观点时，你要仔细阅读并检查作者所提出的支持其论点的论证。答案为D。4. Einstei