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1、ArchitectureArchitecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives

2、most directly for it determines the character of the human environment in major ways. Architecture is a three-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, and color. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements. Humans instinctively see

3、k structures that will shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate

4、, and are economically feasible. The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects. In order for the structure to achieve the size and strengt

5、h necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically. The world s architectural structures have also been devised in relat

6、ion to the objective limitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downward forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand the forces of compression （pushing together）, tension （pulling apart）, bending, or a combination of these in different parts of

7、the structure. Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral parts of the design of architecture structures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were a

8、vailable, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the type of structure desired. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclos

9、e space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between buildings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago. Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components compara

10、ble to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, and equipment, similar to the body s vital organs and systems. The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. Of course in early architecture-such as

11、igloos and adobe structures-there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one. Much of the world s great architecture has been constructed of stone because of its beauty, permanence, and availability. In the past, whole cities grew from the arduous task of cutting and piling ston

12、e upon. Some of the world s finest stone architecture can be seen in the ruins of the ancient Inca city of Machu Picchu high in the eastern Andes Mountains of Peru. The doorways and windows are made possible by placing over the open spaces thick stone beams that support the weight from above. A stru

13、ctural invention had to be made before the physical limitations of stone could be overcome and new architectural forms could be created. That invention was the arch, a curved structure originally made of separate stone or brick segments. The arch was used by the early cultures of the Mediterranean a

14、rea chiefly for underground drains, but it was the Romans who first developed and used the arch extensively in aboveground structures. Roman builders perfected the semicircular arch made of separate blocks of stone. As a method of spanning space, the arch can support greater weight than a horizontal

15、 beam. It works in compression to divert the weight above it out to the sides, where the weight is borne by the vertical elements on either side of the arch. The arch is among the many important structural breakthroughs that have characterized architecture throughout the centuries. Paragraph 1: Arch

16、itecture is the art and science of designing structures that organize and enclose space for practical and symbolic purposes. Because architecture grows out of human needs and aspirations, it clearly communicates cultural values. Of all the visual arts, architecture affects our lives most directly fo

17、r it determines the character of the human environment in major ways. 1. According to paragraph 1, all of the following statements about architecture are true EXCEPT:Architecture is visual art.Architecture reflects the cultural values of its creators.Architecture has both artistic and scientific dim

18、ensions.Architecture has an indirect effect on life.Paragraph 2: Architecture is a three-dimensional form. It utilizes space, mass, texture, line, light, and color. To be architecture, a building must achieve a working harmony with a variety of elements. Humans instinctively seek structures that wil

19、l shelter and enhance their way of life. It is the work of architects to create buildings that are not simply constructions but also offer inspiration and delight. Buildings contribute to human life when they provide shelter, enrich space, complement their site, suit the climate, and are economicall

20、y feasible. The client who pays for the building and defines its function is an important member of the architectural team. The mediocre design of many contemporary buildings can be traced to both clients and architects. 2.The word feasible in the passage is closest in meaning toin existencewithout

21、questionachievablemost likely3. The word enhance in the passage is closest in meaning toprotectimproveorganizematchParagraph 3: In order for the structure to achieve the size and strength necessary to meet its purpose, architecture employs methods of support that, because they are based on physical

22、laws, have changed little since people first discovered them-even while building materials have changed dramatically. The world s architectural structures have also been devised in relation to the objective limitations of materials. Structures can be analyzed in terms of how they deal with downward

23、forces created by gravity. They are designed to withstand the forces of compression （pushing together）, tension （pulling apart）, bending, or a combination of these in different parts of the structure. 4. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentenc

24、e in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Unchanging physical laws have limited the size and strength of buildings that can be made with materials discovered long ago.Building materials have changed in order to increase architectural

25、size and strength, but physical laws of structure have not changed.When people first started to build, the structural methods used to provide strength and size were inadequate because they were not based on physical laws.Unlike building materials, the methods of support used in architecture have not

26、 changed over time because they are based on physical laws.5. The word devised in the passage is closest in meaning tocombinedcreatedintroducedsuggestedParagraph 4: Even development in architecture has been the result of major technological changes. Materials and methods of construction are integral

27、 parts of the design of architecture structures. In earlier times it was necessary to design structural systems suitable for the materials that were available, such as wood, stone, brick. Today technology has progressed to the point where it is possible to invent new building materials to suit the t

28、ype of structure desired. Enormous changes in materials and techniques of construction within the last few generations have made it possible to enclose space with much greater ease and speed and with a minimum of material. Progress in this area can be measured by the difference in weight between bui

29、ldings built now and those of comparable size built one hundred years ago. 6. The word integral is closest in meaning toessentialvariablepracticalindependent7. According to paragraph 4, which of the following is true about materials used in the construction of buildings?Because new building material

30、s are hard to find, construction techniques have changed very little from past generations.The availability of suitable building materials no longer limits the types of structures that may be built.The primary building materials that are available today are wood, stone, and brick.Architects in earli

31、er times did not have enough building materials to enclose large spaces.8. In paragraph 4, what does the author imply about modern buildings?They occupy much less space than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.They are not very different from the building of a few generations ago.They weigh

32、less in relation to their size than buildings constructed one hundred years ago.They take a long time to build as a result of their complex construction methods.Paragraph 5: Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body: a supporting skeleton or frame, an ou