英语语法复习讲义Word文档格式.docx

1、8、倒装句；9、名词性从句；10、定语从句；11、状语从句。 转贴于：考试大_工程第三节 时态一、概述在作谓语的动词用来表示动作（或情况、状态）发生时间的各种形式称为时态。由于英语属于曲折变化的语言，其动词时态的变化要通过词的曲折词形变化来体现的，因而也就有了现在式、过去式、过去分词式三个基本词形。下面根据这些时态常用的程度不同分别说明它们的用法。二、各时态详解1、一般现在时一般现在时主要由动词原形表示，但第三人称单数后要加词尾-s，另外be 和have要根据人称的变化使用特殊的形式。一般现在时主要表示经常性的动作或存在的状态，还可用来表示普遍真理。The Yangtze rises in Q

2、inghai. 长江发源于青海。Actions speak louder than words. 行动胜于言辞。We have friends all over the world. 我们的朋友遍天下。2、现在进行时现在进行时是由助动词be加现在分词构成的。主要表示现在或现时刻这一阶段正在进行的动作，有时候还用来表示一个最近按计划或安排要进行的动作。How are things getting on with you? 工作进行的怎么样？Someone is asking for you on the phone. 有人找你接电话。They are publishing a new versi

3、on of the playscript by Taso Yu this autumn. 今年秋天他们要出版曹禺剧作的一个新译本。3、一般将来时一般将来时由助动词shall （will）加动词原形构成。它表示将要发生的动作或情况。They will sit the post-graduate examinations next autumn.明年秋他们要参加工硕考试。The teacher will not let me go home before I have finished my homework.老师要我做完作业才能回家。4、一般过去时一般过去时由动词过去式表示，动词be 根据人称有

4、was和were两个词形，规则动词在词尾加-d-或ed；其他动词参阅不规则动词变化表, 该时态主要表示过去某时发生的动作或情况。Its a pity that you did not go to the movie. 很遗憾你没有去看那部电影。Many people died in the tsunami that took place in Thailand. 很多人在泰国的那次海啸中遇难丧生。考试大_工程硕士考试试5、现在完成时现在完成时是由助动词have和has加过去分词构成的。主要表示此刻以前曾经发生的动作或情况。如：Grain output has greatly increased

5、 in the past few years. 这几年粮食产量有了很大增长。The area has suffered from disastrous floods throughout its history.这个地区历史上一直遭受水患之苦。注意：过去时和现在完成时的区别：现完成时的基本特点是它和现在有密切的联系，或是指迄今为止这一段时间的情况，或是过去发生的事对现在造成的影响或结果等。而过去时主要强调过去某时刻所发生的动作或情况，与现在没有任何联系。Up till now we have planted over 10,000 apple trees. 到目前为止我们共种了一万多棵苹果树。

6、I saw him a minute ago. 我前一会还见到他的。6、过去进行时过去进行时是由助动词be的过去式加上现在分词构成的，主要表示过去某个时刻正在进行的动作。At that time she was working as an assistant in a physics labatory.那时她在一家物理实验室做助手。They took us to see the chemical fibre mill that they were building. 他们带我们去参观了他们正在修建的化纤厂。7、过去完成时过去完成时由助动词had加动词的过去分词构成，主要表示过去某时刻前业已完成

7、的动作或存在的状态，其实就是指过去的过去。使用时往往要要在从句中或有一个明确的过去时间状语。Before daybreak they had covered half the distance. 拂晓前他们已经走完了大半路程。No sooner had the rain stopped than they set out again. 雨一停他们就又上路了。He had not learned any English before he came to the university. 上大学前他一点英语没学过。8、一般过去将来时一般过去将来时由助动词would加动词原形构成，主要表示从过去某一

8、时间角度看以后将要发生的动作。含这个时态的句子常带一个表示“过去某个时间点”的状语。这个状语或是一个短语，或是一个句子。这个时态常用于：宾语从句或间接引语中。例如：When I thought about it, I wondered what their reaction would be. 当我考虑这件事时，我想知道他们的反应是什么。She told me that she would go on trip to Europe the next day. 她告诉我，她第二天要去欧洲旅行。Whenever he had time, he would help his mother with

9、some housework. 无论他什么时间有空,他总是帮他妈妈干点家务活。No matter how difficult the work was , he would keep on doing it until he accomplished it . 不管工作有多难，他总会坚持不懈地把它干完。9、一般将来完成时一般将来完成时由shall （will） + have + 过去分词构成。主要表示在将来某时业已发生的动作。After we finish this text, well have learned twenty texts. 这课课文结束后，我们就学了二十课课文了。By the

10、 next month, Ill have finished my task. 到下个月，我将完成任务。They will have hit the years target by the end of October. 到十月底他们就可完成全年的指标了。10、现在完成进行时现在完成进行时由have（has）been加动词的现在分词构成，表示发生在过去的某个动作延续到现在或刚刚完成，或许还要继续延续。这种时态侧重于这个动作的连续性，或者说不间断性。Ive been waiting for you for the whole morning. 整个上午我一直在等你。 It has been ra

11、ining for three days. 雨连续下了三天。Where have you been? 你去哪儿啦？She has been busy preparing the exhibition since we met last time.自我们上次见面以来，她就一直忙着筹备那个展览。11、过去完成进行时过去完成进行时由had been加现在分词构成，表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides i

12、n many places. 倾盆大雨下了一周，在许多地区引发了山崩。At last they gor the telegram they had been expecting. 最后他们收到了他们一直盼望的电报。 第四节 情态动词情态动词 （Model Verbs） 又称为情态助动词 （Model Auxiliaries）。英语中助动词主要有两类：一是基本助动词，如have, do, be；二是情态助动词，如may, must, need等。情态动词与其他动词连用表示说话人的语气。情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。情态动词没有人称和数的变化。在英语的各种考试考试中，现在一个明显的趋势是

13、呈现出复杂的结构。根据我们对历年来试卷的分析，情态动词部分重点测试以下内容：（1）情态动词+行为动词完成式 （2）情态动词+行为动词进行式 （3）情态动词+行为动词完成进行式 （4）某些情态动词的特殊用法一、一般情态动词1、情态动词的完成式：情态动词的完成式即“情态动词+ have + v-ed分词”，表示对过去行为或动作进行推测、评论或判断。Since the ditch is full of water, it must have rained last night. 沟渠里的水都满了，想必昨晚一定下雨了。You couldnt have met my grandmother. She d

14、ied before you were born.你不可能遇到我奶奶，因为她早在你出生前就死了。I cant find my keys. I may / might have left them at the school yesterday.我找不到钥匙了，也许昨天丢到学校了吧。当情态动词完成式是由ought to / should加完成式或否定式ought not to / shouldnt加完成式时，是表示对已发生的情况表示“责备”、“不满”，分别表示“本应该”和“本不应该”。You ought not to make fun of him. He is not the one you

15、laugh at but learn from.你本不应该取笑他的。他不是你嘲笑是热恰恰是你应该学习的一个人。You should have finished your compositon by yesterday.你本应该昨天前就把作文写完的。 neednt have v-edneednt have v-ed 表示过去做了某事，但没有做的必要， 意为“本没必要”。You neednt have wakened me up; I dont have to go to work today.你本没必要把我叫醒，因为我今天不上班。注：表示推测过去某动作发生的可能性时，就表示的可能性程度而言，mu

16、st最大，could其次，may更次之，might最小。2、情态动词的进行式情态动词+行为动词进行式（即情态动词+ be + v-ing形式），表示推测或评论某动作现在是否正在进行。The light in his study is still on; he must be working now.他书房的灯还亮着，想必他现在还在工作。She shouldnt be working like that. She is still very weak.她不应该这样干,她身体还这样弱.He cant be telling the truth. 他说的不可能是真话.3、情态动词的完成进行式情态动词+

17、行为动词完成进行式（即情态动词+ have been + v-ing 形式），表示推测或评论过去某动作是否正在进行或一直在进行。They are sweating all over. They must have been working in the fields.他们浑身是汗，准是在地里一直干活来着。They may have been discussing this suggestion all the morning.今天上午他们可能一直在讨论这个建议来着。二、特殊情态动词除了上述的基本情态动词之外，还有一些如would rather, would sooner, would （jus

18、t） as soon, had rather, had better, had sooner, can not but, may （just） as well等可用作情态动词。The soldier would sooner die than surrender. 这个战士宁死不降。If you dont like to swim, you may just as well stay at home. 如果你不喜欢游泳，你也可以待在家里啊。这些短语后一般直接跟动词原形。但是当would （had） rather, would （had） sooner, would （just） as soon

19、后可跟that 引导的从句时，从句就要用虚拟语气。对现在和将来的假设用过去时，对过去的假设用过去完成时。I would rather you went home right now.我倒宁愿你现在立刻回家去。I would sooner you hadnt asked me to speak yesterday. 我倒宁愿你昨天没邀请我讲话。三、情态动词中应特别注意的典的型结构They must be in the library, arent they? 他们一定还在图书馆，对吧？They must have gone to the library, havent they? 他们一定去图书

20、馆了，对吧？They must have been to the library yesterday, didnt they? 他们昨天一定去了图书馆，是不是？Let me do it, will you? 让我来做，好么？Let me help you, may I? 请让我帮你，可以吗？Dont move, will you? 请你别动！Go quickly, can you? 你能不能快点？Lets go for a walk, shall we? 咱们去散步，好么？He used to live in the countryside, didnt/usednt he? 他过去住在农村，

21、对吧？ 转贴第五节 被动语态一、被动语态的构成英语中主要有十个被动语态.二、被动语态与“连系动词 be+过去分词”结构的区别1、如果强调动作或句中有介词by引导出动作的执行者，该句一般为被动语态，否则为系表结构。例如:The glass is broken玻璃杯碎了。（系表结构）The glass was broken by the boy玻璃杯被那男孩打碎了。（被动语态）2、如果句中有地点、频率或时间状语时，一般为被动语态。The magazine is published in Shanghai这家杂志出版于上海。The door is locked门锁着。The door has alr

22、eady/just been locked门已经/刚刚被锁上。The shop is opened这家商店开门了。The shop is opened at 8 a.m. everyday这家商店每天上午八点开门。3、被动语态除用于一般时态和完成时态外，还可以用于其他各种时态，而系表结构中的系动词be只有一般时态和完成时态。所以下列句子都是被动语态：The machine is being repaired. 机器正在修。A new school will be built here. 这里将要建一所新学校。 4、常用的过去分词结构如下：过去分词作形容词引出的介词不一定都是by, 因此我们许注

23、意常用的固定搭配：be acquainted with（熟悉）be annoyed with（被（某人）烦扰）be contented with be covered withbe disgusted with（讨厌）be gratified with（善于，精通）be satisfied with（对感到满意） be exhausted with（因.筋疲力竭）be ashamed of（感到羞愧, 惭愧）be beloved of（不如.）be convinced of（认识到）be made ofbe tired of（厌烦） be amazed at（感到什么吃惊）be astonis

24、hed at（惊讶于.）be disappointed at（对失望）be surprised at（对惊讶） be terrified at（对感到恐怖）be absorbed in（全神贯注）be caught in（淋雨）be interested in （对感性趣）be devoted to（致力于什么）be known to（为所知）be involved in（专心）三、被动语态的考点1、不能用于被动语态的动词和词组come true, consist of, take place, happen, become, rise, occur, belong, break out, a

25、ppear, arrive, die, fall, last, exist, fail, succeedIt took place before liberation.After the fire, very little remained of my house.This knife cuts easily. 这刀子很好用2、下列动词的主动语态表示被动意义, 而且常与well, quite, easily, badly等副词连用。lock （ 锁 ） ; wash （ 洗 ）; sell （ 卖 ）; read （ 读 ）; wear （ 穿 ）; blame （责备）；ride （乘坐）；

26、 write （ 写 ）；let （出租）等。I was to blame for the accident. 那件事故我应该承担责任。Glass breaks easily. 玻璃容易破碎。The car rides smoothly. 这车走起来很稳。The case locks easily. 这箱子很好锁。The book sells well. 这本书很畅销。need, require, want, worth （形容词）, deserve后的动名词必须用主动形式。The door needs repairing. = The door needs to be repaired.Th

27、is room needs cleaning. 这房间应该打扫一下。This book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。有些常用经典被动句型：It is said that据说 It is reported that 据报道 It is believed that大家相信 It is hoped that大家希望 It is well known that 众所周知 It is thought that大家认为 It is suggested that据建议 It is taken granted that 被视为当然 It has been decided that 大家决

28、定 It must be remember that务必记住的是 It is said that she will leave for Wuhan on Tuesday. 转贴于：考试大_工程硕士考试第六节 主谓一致 主谓一致有许多原则，概括起来不外乎三种一致原则，即：语法形式一致；概念一致（语言内容上一致）；毗邻一致（谓语动词的单复数形式和紧位于其前的主语一致）。另外，根据代词应该在人称、数、性等方面与所指的词保持一致，还有指代一致。一、语法形式一致1、单数主语、单个动词不定式、动名词短语以及句子作主语，谓语动词要用单数形式。复数主语，用and或bothand连接的动词不定式短语、动名词短语

29、以及主语从句作主语，谓语动词则用复数形式。Serving the people is my great happiness. 为人民服务是我最大的幸福。Whether well go depends on the weather. 我们是否去要取决于天气的好赖。What I think and what I seek have been fairly reflected in my paper. 我所思考的和我所寻求的都在这个论文中体现了出来。2、由as well as, with, along with, like, together with, rather than, except, but, including, accompanied by, plus, besides, in addition to, no les