1、语法知识一、名词名词单复数,名词的格式(一)名词单复数1. 一般情况,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds2. 以s. x. sh. ch结尾,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches3. 以“辅音字母+y”结尾,变y为i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries4. 以“f或fe”结尾,变f或fe为v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives5. 不规则名词复数:man-men, woman-wome
2、n, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-micechild-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, Chinese-Chinese, Japanese-Japanese不可数名词的复数就是原型:paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea(二)名词的格(1) 有生命的东西的名词所有格:a) 单数后加 s如: Lucys rulermy fathers shirtb) 以s 结尾的复数名词后加 his friends b
3、agsc) 不以s 结尾的复数后加 s childrens shoes并列名词中,如果把 s加在最后一个名词后,表示共有,Tom and Mikes car汤姆和迈克共有的小汽车要表示所有物不是共有的,应分别在并列名词后加sToms and Mikes cars汤姆和麦克各自的小汽车(2) 表示无生命东西的名词通常用“ of +名词”来表示所有关系:如:a picture of the classrooma map of China二、冠词不定冠词,定冠词种类:(1) 不定冠词:a / an元音开头的可数名词前用an :an egg / an apple / an orange / an er
4、aser / an answer / an ID card(2)定冠词:thethe eggthe plane2. 用法:定冠词的用法:(1) 特指某(些)人或某(些)物:The ruler is on the desk.(2) 复述上文提到的人或物:He has a sweater. The sweater is new.(3) 谈话双方都知道的人或物:The boys arent at school.(4) 在序数词前:Johns birthday is February the second.(5) 用于固定词组中:in the morning / afternoon / evening
5、不用冠词的情况:(1) 专有名词前:China is a big country.(2) 名词前有定语:this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等:This is my baseball(3) 复数名词表示一类人和事:Monkeys cant swim.They are teachers.(4) 在节日,日期,月份,季节前:Today is Christmas Day.Its Sunday.(5) 一日三餐前:We have breakfast at 6:30.(6) 球类 棋类运动前:They often play football after cl
6、ass.He plays chess at home.* 但乐器前要用定冠词:I play the guitar very well.(7) 学科名称前:My favorite subject is music.(8) 在称呼或头衔的名词前:This is Mr Li.(9) 固定词组中:at noon at night by bus三、代词 形容词 副词代词:人称代词,物主代词,主格宾格第一人称人称单数 I(我) me my(我的)复数 we(我们) us our(我们的)第二人称人称单数 you(你) you your(你的)复数 you(你们) you your(你们的)第三人称人称单数
7、 he(他) him his(他的)she(她) her her(她的)it(它) it its(它的)复数 they(他们/她们/它们) them their(他们的/她们的/它们的)形容词,副词:比较级,最高级(一)、形容词的比较级1. 形容词比较级在句子中的运用:两个事物或人的比较用比较级,比较级后面一般带有单词than。比较级前面可以用more, a little来修饰表示程度。than后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格)。2. 形容词加er的规则: 一般在词尾加er ; 以字母e 结尾,加r ; 以一个元音字母和一个辅音字母结尾,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加er ; 以“辅音字母+y”
8、结尾,先把y变i,再加er 。3.不规则形容词比较级:good-better, beautiful-more beautiful(二)副词的比较级1. 形容词与副词的区别(有be用形,有形用be;有动用副,有副用动) 在句子中形容词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后 副词在句子中最常见的是处于实义动词之后2.副词比较级的变化规则基本与形容词比较级相同(不规则变化:well-better, far-farther)四、数词:基数词、序数词(1) 1-20one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve,thirteen,fo
9、urteen,fifteen, sixteen,seventeen,eighteen,nineteen,twenty(2) 21-99 先说“几十”,再说“几”,中间加连字符。23twenty-three,34thirty-four,45fortyfive,56fifty-six,67sixty-seven,78seventy-eight,89eighty-nine,91ninety-one(3) 101999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数。586five hundred and eighty-six,803eight hundred and three(4) l,000以上,
10、先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand.第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为billion1,001one thousand and one18,423eighteen thousand,four hundred and twenty-three6,260,309six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine750,000,000,000seven hundred and fifty billion序数词(1) 一般在基数词后加thfourfourth,thirteen
11、thirteenth(2) 不规则变化onefirst,twosecond,threethird,fivefifth,eighteighth,nineninth,twelvetwelfth(3) 以y结尾的十位整数,变y为ie再加thtwentytwentieth, fortyfortieth, ninetyninetieth(4) 从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。twenty-first,two hundred and forty-fifth基数词转为序数词的口诀:基变序,有规律,词尾加上-th.一,二,三,特殊记,词尾字母t,d,d.
12、八去t,九去e, ve要用f替。ty将y变成i,th前面有个e.若是碰到几十几,前用基来后用序。五、介词常用介词:in, on, at, behind等1. at表示时间概念的某一个点。(在某时刻、时间、阶段等)。at 1:00(dawn,midnight,noon)在一点钟(黎明、午夜、中午)2. on1) 表示具体日期注:(1) 关于在周末的几种表示法:at(on) the weekend 在周末-特指at(on) weekends 在周末-泛指over the weekend 在整个周末during the weekend 在周末期间(2) 在圣诞节,应说at Christmas? 而不
13、说 on Christmas?2) 在(刚)的时候。On reaching the city he called up his parents.一到城里他就给父母打了一个电话。3. in1) 表示时段、时期,在多数情况下可以和during互换,前者强调对比,后者强调持续。in(during)1988(December,the 20th century)在一九八八年(十二月、二十世纪)六、动词:动词的四种时态(1) 一般现在时:一般现在时的构成1. be动词:主语+be(am, is, are)+其它。I am a boy. 我是一个男孩。2. 行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。We stud
14、y English. 我们学习英语。当主语为第三人称单数(he, she, it)时,要在动词后加-s或-es。Mary likes Chinese.玛丽喜欢汉语。动词+s的变化规则1. 一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks2. 以s. x. sh. ch. o结尾,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goesstudy-studies(2) 一般过去时:动词过去式详解 动词的过去式的构成规则有:A、规则动词 一般直接在动词的后面加ed:如 worked , learned , clean
15、ed , visited 以e结尾的动词直接加d:如 lived , danced , used 以辅音字母加y结尾的动词要改y为i再加ed(此类动词较少)如 study studied carry carried worry worried (注意play、stay不是辅音字母加y,所以不属于此类) 双写最后一个字母(此类动词较少)如 stoppedB、不规则动词(此类词并无规则,须熟记)小学阶段要记住以下动词的原形和过去式:sing sang , eat ate ,see saw , have had ,do did , go went ,take took , buy bought ,g
16、et got , read read ,fly flew , am/is was ,are were , say said ,leave left , swim swam ,tell told , draw drew ,come came , lose lost ,find found , drink drank ,hurt hurt , feel felt(3) 一般将来时:基本结构: be going to + do; will+ do. be going to = willI am going to go swimming tomorrow(明天).= I will go swimmin
17、g tomorrow.(4)现在进行时: am,is,are+动词现在分词动词现在分词详解 动词的ing形式的构成规则: 一般的直接在后面加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating 以e 结尾的动词,要先去e再加ing ,如having , writing 双写最后一个字母的(此类动词极少)有:running , swimming , sitting , getting句法一、陈述句(1)肯定句:是指用肯定的语气来陈述的句子。Im a student.She is a doctor. He works in a hospital.Th
18、ere are four fans in our classroom.He will eat lunch at 12:00. I watched TV yesterday evening.(2)、否定句:含有否定词或表示否定意义词的句子。Im not a student.She is not (isnt) a doctor.He does not (doesnt) work in a hospital.There are not (arent) four fans in our classroom.He will not (wont) eat lunch at 12:00.I did not
19、(didnt) watch TV yesterday evening.二、疑问句一般疑问句:是指询问事实的句子,此类句子必须用“yes”,或“no”来回答。特殊疑问句:以特殊疑问词(what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等)开头引导的句子。此类句子应该问什么就答什么,不能用“yes 、no”来回答。三、There be句型There be 句型与have, has的区别1、There be 句型表示:在某地有某物(或人)2、在there be 句型中,主语是单数,be 动词用is ; 主语是复数,be 动词用are ; 如有几
20、件物品,be 动词根据最*近be 动词的那个名词决定。3、there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑问句把be 动词调到句首。4、there be句型与have(has) 的区别:there be 表示在某地有某物(或人);have(has) 表示某人拥有某物。5、some 和any 在there be 句型中的运用:some 用于肯定句, any 用于否定句或疑问句。6、and 和or 在there be句型中的运用:and 用于肯定句, or 用于否定句或疑问句。7、针对数量提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:How many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语?How much + 不可数名词 + is there + 介词短语?8、针对主语提问的特殊疑问句的基本结构是:Whats + 介词短语?
copyright@ 2008-2022 冰豆网网站版权所有
经营许可证编号:鄂ICP备2022015515号-1