西方文明史复习资料Word格式文档下载.docx

1、三）、Greco-Roman Heritage 1、古希腊罗马文明总结 Summery of Greco-Roman Heritage1）Philosophy and way of thinking: Logic （Combined with Christianity to influence the daily life of the west）2）Political system3）Law4）Arts2、Greek Heritage贡献： a. Logic, philosophy, science, literature, arts, political thoughts, histori

2、ography, poetics, esthetics, etc.b. Handcraft, architecture, navigation, military arts, political and legal systems, etc.哲学Philosophy: Pre-Socrates1）爱琴海时代Aegean civilizations 黑暗时代Greek Dark Age （1200-750 BCE） 荷马时代The Homeric Age （ca. 800 BCE） 2）古希腊时代（700-500 BCE） Ancient Greek Civilizations 民族报和城邦Et

3、hnos and Polis （City-state） 科林斯、斯巴达与雅典 Corinth, Sparta and Athens 贵族、专制、民主Athens-Aristocracy, Tyranny and Democracy Apollo阿波罗在此时代文学和艺术Literature and arts：Homer 和Iliad伊利亚特 & Odessa 奥德赛 戏剧Dramas: Tragedy and Comedy史学：Herodotus （c. 484 BCc. 425 BCE） , the father of History史学之父讲述了希腊波斯战争 The Histories te

4、lls the story of the Greco-Persian Wars ，Written about 440 BCE 代表人物： 苏格拉底 Socrates. 469 BC399 BC柏拉图Plato亚里士多德Aristotl 伯利克里Pericles, the popular Athenian democratic leader（461-429 BCE） Despotism、Patriarch、Democracy专制、元老、民主Hellenic Age The Persian War波斯战争 Athenian Imperialism雅典帝国主义 The Peloponnesian W

5、ar （431- 404 BCE） Macedonian Unification of Greece希腊马其顿统一3）Hellenistic Age泛希腊时代 Alexander the Great亚历山大大帝 Diffusion of Greek culture希腊文化扩散 2） Roman Heritage 贡献：法律 建筑a. Ancient Romeb. Republic Romec. Roman Empire四）日耳曼文明Germanic Heritage1、Commune Systems2、Autonomy3、Common Laws重点 the law of ancient Rom

6、e from the time of the founding of the city in 753 BCE until the fall of the Western Empire in the 5th century CE. It remained in use in the Eastern, or Byzantine, Empire until 1453. As a legal system, Roman law has affected the development of law in most of Western civilization as well as in parts

7、of the East. It forms the basis for the law codes of most countries of continental Europe and derivative systems elsewhere. Julius CaesarAmerican civilization例如：玛雅文明Maya第二部分：中世纪Middle Ages第一部分：奴隶制的衰落与封建制的崛起一、奴隶制的衰落Fall of Slavery System1、罗马帝国的瓦解Collapse of Roman Empire CE 4762、基督教的兴起Rise of Christia

8、n Church Belief in afterlife来世3、外族人的入侵Barbarian Invasions*二、西方封建制特点Features of Western Feudalism1）领主和他们的附庸Lords and their vassals2）封地和农奴 Fief and serfs 东西方封建体制的差异Differences between Western and Chinese Feudal Systems1）Lord vs. State2）遗产继承和社会地位的变动Heredity vs. Social Mobility 注：Feudalism was the expre

9、ssion of a society in which every man was bound to every other by mutual ties of loyalty and service. 长子继承制PrimogenitureThe firstborn son inherited the entirety of a parents wealth, estate, title or office. In the absence of children, inheritance passed to the collateral relatives, in order of senio

10、rity of the collateral line.三、Feudalism and New Technologies1）军事：来自中国 Military: From China, Stirrup2）生产力的发展 Increase productivity3）家庭成为主要的生产组织Household becomes the major unit of production四、Decline of Feudalism1、人口大减Depopulation of Europe 1） 战争Wars: （such as crusades十字军东征1095-1272） 2）黑死病1347 - 1350

11、Black Death: one third to half of the population died. 3）人口减少对其影响 The impact of depopulation on the feudalism. 资本主义的兴起Emergence of Capitalism一、文艺复兴The Italian Renaissance1、简介：The Renaissance was a cultural movement that profoundly affected European intellectual life in the early modern period. Begin

12、ning in Italy, and spreading to the rest of Europe by the 16th century, its influence affected literature, philosophy, art, politics, science, religion, and other aspects of intellectual enquiry. 2、背景：Backgrounds: 意大利的地理位置Geographical positions of Italy 与东方的商业往来Commercial exchanges with the Orient 财

13、富的积累Accumulation of Wealth City States城邦: Venice, Florence, Milan, Naples and Papal States2、特点 Features of Renaissance: Humanism1）重视个人成就Emphasis on Individual Achievements2）重视现世，而不是来世Emphasis on this life, not afterlife3）重视在多方面的成绩 Emphasis on comprehensive accomplishments in arts, literature, scienc

14、e, politics and everything.3、核心思想：人文主义思想Humanismhumanists asserted the genius of man . the unique and extraordinary ability of the human mindHumanism was not a philosophy per se本身、本质上, but rather a method of learning. In contrast to the medieval 中世纪scholastic mode方式, which focused on resolving解决 con

15、tradictions矛盾 between authors, humanists would study ancient texts in the original, and appraise估计、评价 them through a combination of reasoning推理 and empirical evidence实验数据.二、意大利文艺复兴的贡献Achievements of Italian Renaissance1、在艺术：In arts: 达芬奇Leonardo da Vinci, Mona LisaThe Last Supper米开朗琪罗Michelangelo,，Da

16、vid Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, Sandro Botticelli, and Michelangelo Buonarroti.2、在文学In Literature: Dante, Petrarch, Bocaccio3、在科学In science: Da Vinci4、在政治In politics: Machiavelli: The Prince三： 民族国家的兴起 Emergence of Nation States一）背景：贸易和市场的扩张Trades and expanding markets 国家意识Sense of Nation 国家对教会State

17、vs. Church Absolute Monarchy 君主制and despotism专制: Theories and practice The Orient and Empires四：资产阶级革命Bourgeois Revolutions 一）英国资产阶级革命English Revolution 1、君主专制政体Absolute Monarchy Rule of the House of Stuart斯图亚特王室2、革命前的社会阶级Social Classes before the revolution Merchants 商人 Gentlemen and New Gentry 绅士和新

18、贵族Yeomanry （free-holders & copy-holders） 自耕家 Nobles贵族 3、背景：1） 社会经济背景Social and Economic Background 工商业Manufacture and Commerce 制造业，分散工场Manufacturing Putting out system 农业革命Agricultural Revolutio n 圈地，资本主义农场Enclosure , Capitalist Farming 国际贸易 Foreign Trade 2） 舆论文化背景 文艺复兴Renaissance 例：Thomas More, Sha

19、kespeare, Milton米尔顿, etc. 清教运动Puritanism 例： The Chosen Salvation4、从革命到斯图亚特王朝复辟From Civil Wars to the Restoration 从两次内战到共和国 From Civil Wars to Commonwealth Royalists保皇派 or cavaliers骑士派 vs roundheads圆颅派 护国政体Protectorate 斯图亚特王朝复辟Restoration 5、革命形势的形成Political Crisis be the Revolution1）君主专制统治的特点Characte

20、ristics of English DespotismWeak Monarch君主; Parliament; Noble system2）斯图亚特当政The Reign of StuartsFeudalist封建 Land system, Taxes and financial policy, foreign policy, Religious prosecutions, conflicts between the monarch and the bourgeois3）代表人物：克伦威尔Oliver Cromwell4、光荣革命Glorious Revolution1）国内革命的结果Cons

21、equences of Civil Wars 封建社会关系崩溃Collapse of Feudal Social Relations 资本主义经济的发展Development of Capitalist Economy 变更土地所有权Change of Landownership 资产阶级政治理论Political theories of Bourgeoisie2）1688光荣革命Glorious Revolution 1688 詹姆斯二世James II 资产阶级政治体系的建立Establishment of Bourgeois Political System 君主立宪制Constitut

22、ional Monarchy3）威廉 和 玛丽William of Orange and Marry, Protestant daughter of James II4）权利法案Bill of Rights 国王不能颁布法律The king could not suspend law. 不经议会允许不能征税No taxes without the consent of Parliament 在议会中言论自由Freedom of speech in Parliament 请愿的权利和过度罚款，保释，或残忍的惩罚Right of petition and free of excessive fin

23、es, bail, or cruel punishment5）第一位首相罗伯特沃尔波尔Robert Walpole the first British prime minister. 6）革命意义：Significance of English Revolution 资产阶级政权的首次胜利The first major political victory of Capitalism 革命在妥协中结束Revolution ended in Compromise妥协 披着宗教的外衣Revolution in religious disguise伪装, so also called Puritan

24、Revolution二）美国资产阶级革命（1775-1783） American Revolution1、三种殖民地Thirteen colonies: 、 north, middle and south;proprietary; autonomous自治的、有自主权的 and crown 北部：小农和手工业North: small farmers and manufacturing; 中部：大农业Middle: Large scale farming; 南部：奴隶种植园South: Slave plantation 2、美利尘民族的形成Nation in the making 1）有益忽视B

25、enevolent negligence 2）民族市场的形成Formation of National market 3）民族意识的形成Sense of nation 4）殖民地与宗主国的矛盾Conflicts between colonies and the mother nation 3、1）七年战争结束The end of 7 years war 1763 2）英国殖民政策Colonial policies of the Great Britain Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Townshend Acts3）波士顿惨案Boston Massacre 1770 波士顿大屠杀

26、Boston Massacre 4）第一次大陆会议The First Continental Congress 5）波士顿茶党和不可容忍的法律Boston Tea Party and Intolerable Acts 波士顿倾茶案 Boston Tea Party 6）1775战争的第一枪Shots heard round the world: Lexington and Concord, 列克星敦战Battle of Lexington 7）立宪会议Constitutional Conference 4、独立宣言起草人Thomas Jefferson汉密尔顿Alexander Hamilto

27、n麦迪逊James Madison,美国宪法之父5、权利法案（前十条修正案）Bill of Rights Right of expression, assembly, petition, of religion, etc. Right to bear arms. Right of just trial. Rights of people: Internal laws vs. International practice.三）、法国资产阶级革命French Revolution1、背景：启蒙运动（1718世纪）Ideological Background：Enlightenment口号：自由平等

28、博爱Liberty、 Equalit 、Fraternity1）简介：a European intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries in which ideas concerning God, reason, nature, and man were synthesized合成 into a worldview 世界观that gained wide assent 赞同、认同and that instigated煽动、鼓动 revolutionary developments in art, philosophy, and po

29、litics. Enlightenment was a desire for human affairs to be guided by rationality 理性rather than by faith, superstition迷信, or revelation; a belief in the power of human reason人类理性 to change society and liberate the individual from the restraints限制 of custom or arbitrary专制 authority; all backed up by a world view increasingly