1、表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。fire 火 steel 钢air 空气water 水milk 牛奶 4)抽象名词:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。labour 劳动health 健康life 生活friendship友情patience耐力 2.名词按其所表现的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词(Countable Nouns)有复数形式,如:an apple two apples a car some cars 不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)一般没有复数形式. 抽象名词, 物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。sand 沙 sugar 糖 有少数名
2、词即可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但含义不同。glass 玻璃glass 玻璃杯paper 纸 paper 报纸,文件 名词的功能 名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。The bag is in the desk. bag 作主语。书包在桌子里边。I washed my clothes yesterday. clothes 作宾语。昨天我洗了我的衣服。This is a good book. book 作表语。这是一本好书。 We elected him our monitor. monitor作宾语补助语。我们选他为我们的班长。Mary lives wi
3、th her parents. parents作介词宾语. 玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起。He is a Party member. Party 作定语. 他是一名党员。They study hard day and night. day and night作状语。他们白天黑夜地学习。3.可数名词有单数(the Singular Nunmber)和复数(the Plural Number)两种形式。名词的复数形式(The Plural Form Nouns)的部分规则如下:1) 一般情况下,在词尾加 -s. 例如:bags,maps,pens,desks,workers 2) 以s,sh,ch,x
4、等结尾的词加-es. buses watches boxes 3) 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-s. licences blouses oranges 4) 以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加-es. babies families 5) 名词以 -f 或 -fe 结尾的,把 -f 或-fe 变成 -ves. bookshelves, wives, knives 注:英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,需要一一记忆常见的有, man - men woman - women foot - feet tooth - teeth mouse - nice ox - oxen shee
5、p - sheepdear - dear fish - fish 英语中有些名词总是以复数形式出现。scissors 剪刀 goods 货物 trousers 裤子 clothes 衣服 glasses 玻璃杯 4.名词的所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns) 在英语中,名词的格有三个,主格,宾格和所有格。它们的形式及其变化表示与其他词的关系。实际上, 主格和宾格通过它在句中的作用和位置来确定。The bird is in the tree. 鸟在树上。 bird 作主语, 是主格。I saw a film yesterday. 昨天我看了一场电影。 film 作宾
6、语,是宾格。名词的所有格: 名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格。Lu Xuns book is worth reading. 鲁迅的书值得一读。This is my fathers room. 这是我父亲的房间。名词所有格的构成 单数名词 加s 例词:Mikes father 以s结尾的复数名词 加 例词:the teachers room 不以s结尾的复数名词 加mens womens 三、代词(Pronouns) 1.人称代词(Personal Pronouns) 第一人称单数主格I(复数We) 单数宾格me(复数us) 第二人称单数主格you(复数you) 单数宾格you(复数you
7、) 第三人称单数主格he,she,it(复数they) 单数宾格him,her,it(复数them) 2.物主代词(Possessive Pronouns) 形容词性物主代词第一人称单数my(复数our) 形容词性物主代词第二人称单数your(复数your) 形容词性物主代词第三人称单数his,her,its(复数their) 名词性物主代词第一人称单数mine(复述ours) 名词性物主代词第二人称单数yours(复数yours) 名词性物主代词第三人称单数his,hers,its(复数theirs) 四、数词(Numeral) 表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示
8、数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。基数词(Cardinal Numbers) 1 one 2 two 3three 4four 5five 6six 11eleven 12twelve 13thirteen 20twenty 21twenty-one 40fouty 100one hundred 五、动词(Verb) 一般现在时(The Simple Present Tense) 一般现在时表示现在的状态 如:He is twelve.She is at home. 表示经常的或是习惯性的动作. I go to school at 7:30 every day. 表示主语具备的的
9、性格和能力等 She like apple.They know English. 1.动词be(Verb to be) 肯定式I am.否定I am not. 肯定式You are.否定式You are not. 肯定式He/She/It is.否定式He/She/It is not. 疑问句和简略答语 Am I .?Yes,you are./No,I you are not. Are you.?Yes,I am./No,I am not. 2.There be结构 There is/are+某物/某人+某地/某时这样一种句型,大致相当于汉语 某地/某时有某物/某人的说法.句子的is/are和
10、后面所跟的名词在数 方面必须是一致. 肯定式:There is(Theres)a table in your room. There are(Therere)some pencils on the desk. 否定式:There is not(There isnt)any cats here. There are not(aren疑问式和简略答语 Is there a ruler in your bag?Yes,there is./No,there is not(isnt). Are there any people in that house?Yes,there are./No,there
11、are not(arenHow many kites are there in the sky?There are thirteen. 六、介词(Prepositions) 介词一般用于名词或代词前,表示该词与句子其他成分的关系.介词后面的名词 或代词称为介词宾语.介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语. 本册课本出现的介词短语如下:at: at home at school at six thirty behind: behind the door/tree behind ones chair beside: beside the door beside the housefrom: from on
12、e to a hundred in: in Row/Team/Class/Grade4 in ones school/grade/class/team/rom in your desk/pencil-box/bedroom in the picture in the same class in different classes in English in the hat in the morning/afternoon like: like this/that near: near the window near the door of: a picture of a classroom a
13、 map of China the name of her cat the wall of their classroon on: on the desk/chair on the floor on the wall on the bike on the duty to:(a quarter)to ten (go)to school/bed/work under: under the desk/table under the tree/window under ones chair/bed (1)表示时间: 表示某一时间点 如: at noon 表示特定的日子 on Christmas 表示一
14、段不具体的时间 in the morning, in the Second world war 如表示在某一特定的早上、下午则用on on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on Sunday morning during: 表示期间内的某个时期 during the night, during the Second World War for: 其后接表示一段时间长度的词 for three days through: 表示在整个期间没有间歇 例: It snowed through the night. till/until: 表示动作持续的终点 I
15、studied hard till twelve oclock last night. by: 表示动作完成期限 Ill be back by five oclock. since: 表示某动作的起始点 I have studied English since (2) 表示地点: 表示较小的地点 arrived at the school gate 表示较大的地点 arrived in Shanghai 表示目的地 ll leave for Shanghai. above: 表示上面,上方,其反意词是below over: 表示垂直上方,其反意词是under The dog jumped ov
16、er the table. 表示穿过 through the forest across: 表示平原上的跨越 I want to walk across the road. 七、句子的种类(Kinds of Sentences) 英语的句子按照用途可分为以下四类:陈述句 用途是用来说明事实或说话人的看法 例句:I can see a map on the wall. I think its his. 疑问句 用途是用来提出问题. 例句:Are you Mr Green?Can you find it ? How old are you?祈使句 用途是用来表示请求和命令. 例句: Sstand
17、up.Come in,please. Lets play games. 感叹句 用途是用来表达强烈的感情. 例句:What a fine day it is!How beautiful the flowers are!八、一般疑问句和 特殊疑问句 一般疑问句子和特殊疑问句 一般疑问句(General Question)一般是指用Yes或No回答的疑问句。例如:Is she at school today? Yes,she is/No,she isnt. Can you see a pencile on the desk? Yes,I can./No,I canDo you play footb
18、all? Yes,they do./No,they don特殊疑问句是以特殊疑问词开头的疑问句. (二)一.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级 (The Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adjective and Adverbs) 大多数形容词和副词有三个等级:1)原级,即原形。2)比较级,表示“较”或“更一些”的意思。3)最高级,表示“最”的意思。1.形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成 (1)规则变化 单音节词和少数双音节词 一般在词尾加-er或-est cold colder coldest strong stronger strongest fast
19、 faster fastest slow slow slowest 以字母e结尾的形容词,加-r或-st nice nicer nicest large larger largest 重读闭音节词只有一个辅音字母时,应先双写辅音字母,再加-er或-est big bigger biggest thin thinner thinnest hot hotter hottest 以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,先改“y”为“i”,再加-er或-est easy esaier easiest happy happier happiest early earlier earliest 少数以-er,-
20、ow结尾的双音节词clever(聪明的)未尾加-er,-est clever cleverer cleverest narrownarrower narrowest 多音节词和部分双音节词 在词前加more或most delicious more delicious most delicious interesting more interesting most interting easily more easily most easily carefully more carefully most carefully (2)不规则变化 good/well better best bad/b
21、adly worse worstmuch/many more most little less least far farther/further farthest/furthest 2.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法 比较级:表示两者(人或事物)的比较 Mr King is taller than Mr Read This mooncakes is nicer than that one。The tractor is going faster than the bike。最高级:表示三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比较,其中有一个在某一方面超过 其他几个时,用最高级。最高级的前面一般要加定冠
22、词the。后面可带of(in) 短语来说明比较的范围。Whose drawing is he best of all?She is the youngest in the class. The taxi is going ghe fastest. Mr Qin is walking tje slowest of all. 注:在形容词和副词的比较级前,有时可以用much,a little等来修饰, much better a little taller 二。数词(Numerals)(2) 序数词(Ordinal Numbers) 序数词表示事物的顺序,往往与定冠词the连用。fist 1st
23、twentieth 20th second 2nd twenty-first 21th third 3nd thirieth 30th fourth 4nd thirty-ninth 39th fifth 5nd fortieth 40th sixth 6th fiftieth 50th seventh 7th sixtieth 60th eighth 8th seventieth 70th nineth 9th ninetieth 80th tenth 10th hundredth 100th eleventh 11th one hundred and first 101st twelfth
24、 12th 三、冠词(Articles) 冠词是一种虚词,让在名词的前面,帮助说明名词的含义, 冠词分不定冠词(The Indefinite Article) 和定冠词(The Define Article)两种,a(an)是不定冠词。a用在辅音之前,如:a road a boy;an用在元音之前,如:an hour ;an old man等;the是定冠词。1.不定冠词的用法 用于可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一种类。Susan is a scientist. Pass me an orange,please. 指某人或某事,但不具体说明何人或何物。A boy is looking f
25、or you。We work five days a week。表示“一”这个数量,但数的概念没有one强烈。We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow。I have a mouth,a nose,two eyes and two ears。用于某些固定的词组中。a few ,a little ,a lot of ,a moment ago 2.定冠词的用法。特指某些人或某些事物 Show me the photo of the boy。The book on the desk is mine。指双方都知道的人或事物。Where are th
26、e new books,Jim?They are on the small table。指上文提过的人或事物。Ji Mei lives on a farm。The farm is not big。用在世界上独一无二的事物前。The sun is bigger than the moon。用在序数词和形容词最高级前。The first month of the year is January。Walk along this road,and take the fourth turning on the left。用在由普通名词构成的专有名词前。the Great Wall the Womens Hospital 用在一些习惯用语中。in the morning(afternoon,evening), on the left(right),at the back(front)of the day befoer ye
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