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1、Paragraph 3: The spread of this river valley agriculture in various parts of Asia and Africa was the decisive factor in the rise of the first civilizations. The increase in food production in these regions led to a significant growth in population, while efforts to control the flow of water to maxim

2、ize the irrigation of cultivated areas and to protect the local inhabitants from hostile forces outside the community provoked the first steps toward cooperative activities on a large scale. The need to oversee the entire process brought about the emergence of an elite that was eventually transforme

3、d into a government.Paragraph 4: The first clear steps in the rise of the first civilizations took place in the fourth and third millennia . in Mesopotamia, northern Africa, India, and China. How the first governments took shape in these areas is not certain, but anthropologists studying the evoluti

4、on of human communities in various parts of the world have discovered that one common stage in the process is the emergence of what are called “big men” within a single village or a collection of villages. By means of their military prowess, dominant personalities, or political talents, these people

5、 gradually emerge as the leaders of that community. In time, the “big men” become formal symbols of authority and pass on that authority to others within their own family. As the communities continue to grow in size and material wealth, the “big men” assume hereditary status, and their allies and fa

6、mily members are transformed into a hereditary monarchy.Paragraph 5: The appearance of these sedentary societies had a major impact on the social organizations, religious beliefs, and way of life of the peoples living within their boundaries. With the increase in population and the development of ce

7、ntralized authority came the emergence of the cities. While some of these urban centers were identified with a particular economic function, such as proximity to gold or iron deposits or a strategic location on a major trade route, others served primarily as administrative centers or the site of tem

8、ples for the official cult or other ritual observances. Within these cities, new forms of livelihood appeared to satisfy the growing need for social services and consumer goods. Some people became artisans or merchants, while others became warriors, scholars, or priests. In some cases, the physical

9、division within the first cities reflected the strict hierarchical character of the society as a whole, with a royal palace surrounded by an imposing wall and separate from the remainder of the urban population. In other instances, such as the Indus River Valley, the cities lacked a royal precinct a

10、nd the ostentatious palaces that marked their contemporaries elsewhere.1. The phrase “culminated in” in the passage is closest in meaning toA） reached a high point withB） logically followed fromC） partly contributed toD） marked2. According to paragraph 2, which of the following statements is true of

11、 early farmersA） They used farming to supplement other food sources.B） They were driven out of small communities.C） They were victims of flooding.D） They farmed several plots of land at once.3. The word “undoubtedly” in the passage is closest in meaning toA） increasinglyB） certainlyC） in generalD） a

12、pparently4. According to paragraph 2, what are TWO reasons why farmers chose river valleys for cultivation To receive credit you must select TWO answer choices.A） The soils in river valleyswere rich in nutrients.B） The crops grown in river valleys were not completely dependent on rainwater.C） Farmin

13、g techniques could not be easily applied to soils far from rivers.D） The heavier weight of river soil resulted in more reliable harvests.5. The word “enhance” in the passage is closest in meaning toA） serveB） improveC） controlD） protect6. The word “provoked” in the passage is closest in meaning toA）

14、 securedB） coordinatedC） modeledD） brought about7. According to paragraph 3, which of the following is NOT a reason why governments first arose among agricultural communitiesA） A significant increase in populationB） The desire to control water resources for irrigationC） The need for protection from

15、outside forcesD） The demand for organized communication with other communities The first clear steps in the rise of the first civilizations took place in the fourth and third millennia . in Mesopotamia, northern Africa, India, and China. How the first governments took shape in these areas is not cer

16、tain, but anthropologists studying the evolution of human communities in various parts of the world havediscovered that one common stage in the process is the emergence of what are called “big men” within a single village or a collection of villages. By means of their military prowess, dominant pers

17、onalities, or political talents, these people gradually emerge as the leaders of that community. In time, the “big men” become formal symbols of authority and pass on that authority to otherswithin their own family. As the communities continue to grow in size and material wealth, the “big men” assum

18、e hereditary status, and their allies and family members are transformed into a hereditary monarchy.8. According to paragraph 4, what is not known about the rise of the first civilizationsA） Where the first steps toward civilization took placeB） Who was allowed to replace “big men” after the “big me

19、n” diedC） Why some individuals became recognized as leadersD） How governments emerged9. What is the relationship between paragraphs 3 and 4 in the passageA） Paragraph 3 explains why a need for leadership arose in early civilizations, and paragraph 4 describes how that leadership developed.B） Paragraph 3 suggests that agriculture was first practiced in Asia and Africa, and paragraph 4 discusses how it might have later spread to the rest of the world.C） Paragraph 3 describes several methods of early government, and paragrap