Schizophrenia Fact SheetWord文档格式.docx

1、毫不奇怪，这种紊乱对患者的工作，学习，社会关系以及日常生活产生极大地影响。About one-third of individuals with schizophrenia attempt suicide. Fortunately, however, schizophrenia is treatable with both medication and therapy, making it imperative to recognize the symptoms and receive the correct diagnosis. The earlier a person is accurat

2、ely diagnosed, the sooner he or she can start an effective treatment plan. 大概有三分之一的精神分裂症患者曾尝试自杀。幸运的是，精神分裂症是可以通过药物和疗程来治愈的，但是要得到正确的诊断，清楚地认识到这些症状是很有必要的。越早能够得到精确地诊断，他就能越快的开始行之有效的治疗方案。What Causes Schizophrenia?精神分裂症成因As with other psychological disorders, its believed that schizophrenia is a complex inte

3、rplay of genetics, biology （brain chemistry and structure） and environment. 和其他的心理疾病一样，精神分裂症也是各种因素综合作用而成的，他们包括基因反面的，生物方面的（脑化学及结构）以及环境方面的. Genetics: Schizophrenia typically runs in families, so its likely the disorder is inherited. If an identical twin has schizophrenia, the other twin is 50 percent

4、more likely to have the disorder. That also points out the likelihood of other causes: If schizophrenia were purely genetic, both identical twins always would have the disorder. 基因: 精神分裂症多有家族史,很可能是遗传的.如果双胞胎中的一个患有精神分裂症,另一个就会有大于50%de 几率患此病。这也指出了其他一些成因的可能性，如果精神分裂症只和基因有关的话，双胞胎中的两个都会有问题。 Brain chemistry

5、and structure: Neurotransmitterschemicals in the brain, including dopamine and glutamate, that communicate between neuronsare believed to play a role. There also is evidence to suggest that the brains of individuals with schizophrenia are different from those of healthy individuals （for details, see

6、 Keshavan, Tandon, Boutros & Nasrallah, 2008）. 脑化学及结构 ：神经介质是起作用的成分大脑中负责神经细胞交流的化学成分（包括多巴胺，谷氨酸盐）. 也有证据显示,患精神分裂症的大脑与健康人的大脑是不一样的. Environment: Some research points to child abuse, early traumatic events, severe stress, negative life events and living in an urban environment as contributing factors. Addi

7、tional causes include physical and psychological complications during pregnancy, such as viral infection, malnutrition and the mothers stress. 环境:有研究表明虐童,早期创伤性的事件,巨大的压力,生活中的一些不利的事情以及都市环境都有可能是促因,其他诸如孕期的一些生理上和心理上的一些并发症,比如病毒感染,营养不良以及母亲的压力等.What Are the Different Types of Schizophrenia?精神分裂症的种类 Paranoid

8、 schizophrenia is characterized by auditory hallucinations and delusions about persecution or conspiracy. However, unlike those who have other subtypes of the disease, these individuals show relatively normal cognitive functioning. 偏执型精神分裂症: 主要症状是在听觉方面产生幻觉,总觉得有什么阴谋或者自己要被迫害,然而和其他类型不一样的是,这类患者通常在认知功能方面

9、比较正常. Disorganized schizophrenia is a disruption of thought processes, so much so that daily activities （e.g., showering, brushing teeth） are impaired. Sufferers frequently exhibit inappropriate or erratic emotions. For instance, they might laugh at a sad occasion. Also, their speech becomes disorga

10、nized and nonsensical. 错乱型精神分裂症: 主要是思维过程的混乱，一般的日常生活比如洗澡，刷牙等都不能自理。 Catatonic schizophrenia involves a disturbance in movement. Some might stop moving （catatonic stupor） or experience radically increased movement （catatonic excitement）. Also, these individuals might assume odd positions, continuously

11、repeat what others are saying （echolalia） or imitate another persons movement （echopraxia）. 紧张型精神分裂症：主要是行动混乱。有的患者可能突然停止不动（紧张性僵呆）或者突然动作很迅猛（紧张性激动）.而且这些患者可能会做一些奇怪的动作手势,不断的重复别人说的话（模仿言语）或者模仿别人的动作（模仿动作） Undifferentiated schizophrenia includes several symptoms from the above types, but the symptoms dont ex

12、actly fit the criteria for the other kinds of schizophrenia. 未分化型分裂症: 包含几种以上几种类型的症状，但是这些症状并不适用其他类型的精神分裂症的标准 Residual schizophrenia is diagnosed when a person no longer exhibits symptoms or these symptoms arent as severe. 残余型精神分裂症： 当患者并不表现这些症状或者这些症状情况没有这么严重。What Are the Risk Factors for Schizophrenia

13、?精神分裂症的风险因素Recent research identified five risk factors for teens, which are similar in adults: 最近的研究列出了五种青少年精神分裂症的成因，成人的情况类似1. Schizophrenia in the family 2. Unusual thoughts 3. Paranoia or suspicion 4. Social impairment 5. Substance abuse 1. 家族精神分裂症病史2. 异常的思维方式3. 偏执或者疑心4. 社交障碍5. 滥用药物Symptoms of Sc

14、hizophrenia精神分裂症的症状There are three types of symptoms in schizophrenia: positive, negative and cognitive. 主要有三种类型的症状：阳性的，阴性的以及认知的1. Positive （symptoms that should not be present） o Hallucinations （something a person sees, smells, hears and feels that isnt really there）. The most common hallucination

15、in schizophrenia is hearing voices. o Delusions （a false belief that isnt true） 阳性的：（非表象的症状）幻觉（有时候患者看到的,闻到的,听到的以及感受到的都是实际上并不存在的东西） 精神分裂症最常见的幻觉是听觉上的 错觉（错误的想法）2. Negative （symptoms that should be present） o Flat （individuals show no emotion） or inappropriate affect （e.g., giggling at a funeral） o Avol

16、ition （little interest or drive）. This can mean little interest in daily activities, such as personal hygiene. 阴性的：（表象的症状）没有感情:患者没有情感或者有不当的情感（例如在葬礼上傻笑）没有斗志:没有兴趣或者动力,这可以解释日常他们在日常活动中缺乏兴趣,例如个人卫生.These symptoms often are harder to recognize, because theyre so subtle. 以上症状比较微妙,相对来讲比较难以发觉.3. Cognitive sym

17、ptoms （associated with thinking） o Disorganized speech （the person isnt making any sense） o Grossly disorganized or catatonic （unresponsive） behavior o Inability to remember things o Poor executive functioning （a person is unable to process information and make decisions） 认知型症状（与思维相关的）语言混乱（说话没有任何意义）

18、行动迟缓僵硬记不住事情执行功能差（患者不能处理信息和做决定）How Is Schizophrenia Diagnosed?精神分裂症病史如何诊断To diagnose schizophrenia, a trained mental health professional conducts a face-to-face clinical interview, asking detailed questions about family health history and the individuals symptoms.Though there isnt a medical exam for

19、schizophrenia, doctors typically order medical tests to rule out any health conditions or substance abuse that might mimic schizophrenia symptoms. 诊断精神分裂症病史，专业的精神健康专家会进行一个面对面的临床面谈，详细询问家庭健康史以及患者的症状。尽管针对精神分裂症没有特别的医学考试，医生们都会安排一个医学测试来排除任何其他的类似精神分裂症症状的健康情况或者药物滥用情况According to the DSM-IV-TR, the standard

20、reference book mental health professionals use to help make diagnoses, medical conditions that can imitate symptoms of schizophrenia include: neurological conditions （e.g., Huntingtons disease, epilepsy, auditory nerve injury）; endocrine内分泌的conditions （e.g., hyper- or hypothyroidism）; metabolic cond

21、itions （e.g., hypoglycemia）; and renal （kidney） diseases. 根据诊断标准-精神健康专家用来参考做出诊断的标准参考书，类似精神分裂症症状的医学状况包括：神经学方面的（例如亨廷顿氏病,癫痫,听觉神经受损）；内分泌方面的（例如甲状腺功能减退）；新陈代谢的方面的（例如低血糖症）以及肾病What Treatments Exist for Schizophrenia?精神分裂症的治疗方法Schizophrenia can be successfully managed with medication and psychotherapy. For th

22、e majority of schizophrenia sufferers, medication is highly effective in controlling symptoms. However, finding the right medication can take time; each medication affects each person differently. Patients typically try several medications before finding the best one for them. 精神分裂症可以通过药物和心理治疗的方式来成功

23、治愈。对大多数精神分裂症患者而言，在控制这些症状方面是很有效的。但是找到合适的药物需要时间，而且每一种药物的作用也因人而异。通常病人要试过几种不同的药物之后才能找到最合适的Its important to discuss the details of each medications risks and benefits with your doctor, take the medication as prescribed and never stop taking your medication without first talking to the doctor.与你的医生仔细讨论每一种

24、药物的的效果与风险是很重要的，遵医嘱服药，不要不经过和医生论过就擅自停药，这一点也很重要。What Kinds of Medications Are Used for Schizophrenia?治疗精神分裂症的药物种类 Typical antipsychotics. Available since the mid-1950s, these older antipsychotics used to be the first line of treatment, because they successfully reduced hallucinations and delusions. The

25、se include: haloperidol （Haldol）, chlorpromazine （Thorazine）, perphenazine （Etrafon, Trilafon） and fluphenzine （Prolixin）. 典型性抗精神病药 上个世纪50年代中期，因为这些药物能够有效的减轻幻觉和错觉这些早期的抗精神病药一般用于治疗精神分裂症的先期治疗。这些药物包括：氟哌啶醇，氯丙嗪，奋乃静和氟奋乃静Many patients stop taking their medication because of its extrapyramidal side effects. “

26、Extrapyramidal” actions are those that affect movement, such as muscle spasms, , fidgeting and pacing. 很多病人因为锥体外系症状的副作用就停止服药，所谓锥体外系症状就是这些影响行动的症状，例如肌肉痉挛，抽筋，烦躁不安以及来回踱步Taking typical antipsychotics long-term can cause tardive dyskinesiainvoluntary, random movements of the body, such as facial grimacing

27、 and movements of the mouth, tongue and legs. Because of these side effects, atypical antipsychotics largely have replaced traditional antipsychotics. 长期服用典型性抗精神病类药可能导致迟发性运动障碍身体不自觉地，随意的运动，比如面部怪相，口舌腿部位的乱动。因为这些副作用的原因，非典型性抗精神病类药已经很大程度上取代了典型性抗精神病类药 Atypical antipsychotics. Developed in the 1990s, these medications have become the standard treatment for schizophrenia. Thats because they effectively control positive symptoms and help treat negative symptoms without the same side effects as traditional antipsychotics. They include: ar