1、1.直到最近,科学家才终于了解材料的结构要素与其特性之间的关系。It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationship between the structural elements of materials and their properties . 2.材料工程学主要解决材料的制造问题和材料的应用问题。Material engineering mainly solve the problems of materials processing and mater
2、ials application. 3.材料的加工过程不但决定了材料的结构,同时决定了材料的特征和性能。Materials processing process determines not only their structure but also their characteristic and performance. 4.材料的力学性能与其所受外力或负荷而导致的形变有关。Material mechanical properties is relative with(relates with) its deformation coming from(resulting from, due
3、 to ) outside(applied) force or load.Unit2:复合材料 游离电子先进材料 刚度、刚性半导体 生物材料智能材料 纳米工程材料1. 金属导电、导热能力特别强,对可见光不透明;一个抛光的金属表面具有光泽。2. 陶瓷是典型的绝热、绝缘体,在对高温和苛刻环境的抵抗力方面,优于金属和高聚物。3. 应用与高技术领域的材料有时候被称为先进材料。4. 响应外加电场(或电压),压电陶瓷会膨胀和收缩;相反的,当尺寸改变时,压电陶瓷也会产生一个电场。5. 随着扫面探针显微镜的问世,这种显微镜允许观察单个原子或者分子,使得操作和移动原子和分子形成新的结构、基于简单原子水平上设计新
4、材料成为可能。3.汉译英Advangced materials ceramic materialsHigh-performance materials clay mineralsAlloys implant Glass fiber carbon nanotube1、金属元素有许多有利电子,金属材料的许多性质可直接归功于这些电子。Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons,many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons.
5、 2、许多聚合物材料是有机化合物,并具有大的分子结构。Many of polymers are organic compounds,and they have very large molecular structures. 3、半导体材料的电性特征介于导体材料(如金属、金属合金)与绝缘体(陶瓷材料和聚合体材料)之间。Semiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors ( viz. metals and metal alloys ) and insul
6、ators ( viz. ceramics and polymers ). 4、生物材料不能产生毒性,并且不许与人体组织互相兼容。Biomaterials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.Unit3:肉眼 过渡元素力学性能 原子序数基础(元素)化学 带正电的质子1. 金属行为不同于陶瓷,陶瓷行为不同于高聚物。2. 原子结构主要影响材料的化学性能、物理性能、热性能、电学性能、磁学性能、光学性能,微观结构和宏观结构也影响这些性能但更主要影响材料的力学性能和化学反应速率。3. 金属的
7、强度表明这些原子靠强键结合。4. 元素原子序数表明原子核中带正电的质子数目。原子量表明原子核中有多少个质子和中子。Microstructure macrostructureChemical reaction atomic weightBalanced electric charge positively charge nucleus1、从我们呼吸的空气到各种各样性质迥异的金属,成千上完中物质均是由100多种院子组成的。These same 100 atoms form thousands of different substances ranging from the air we breat
8、he to the metals of various properties.2、事实证明金属原子是通过很强的键结合在一起的。The facts suggests that metal atoms are held together by strong bonds.3、微观结构是指能够通过显微镜观察到的而不是用肉眼直接观察到的结构,宏观是指可以直接用肉眼观察到的结构。Microstructure indicates features that cannot be seen with the naked eye, but macrostructure indicates features tha
9、t can be seen with the naked eye.4、原子核中质子和中子的量的综合就是原子量。The combination(total) of protons and neutrons in the nucleus is the atomic weight of an atom.Unit4:相转变温度 比重热导率 熔点重力加速度 磁导率1. 物体密度比水轻时将漂浮在水面,密度比水大时将下沉。类似第,比重小于1的物体将漂浮,比重大于1的物体将下沉。2. 使磁力线相互分开,导致磁通量比真空小,这种材料被称为反磁性材料。使磁通集中、相对磁导率大于1小于或等于10的材料被称为顺磁性材
10、料;使磁通集中、相对磁导率大于 10的材料被称为铁磁性材料。3. 某些铁电材料,特别是粉末状态或者叠层状态的铁、钢、镍合金,他们的相对磁导率可以大到1000000。反磁性材料的磁导率小于1但是相对磁导率远远小于1的物质还没有被发现。4. 当顺磁性或铁磁性芯被插入到线圈中时,磁感应强度是空气芯时的r倍。Relative density boling poingt magnetic inductionThermal condution glass transition temperature nonferrous metal1. 化学性质是用来描述一种物质是怎样变成另外一种完全不同的物质的性质。C
11、hemical properties are those that discribe how a substance changes into a completely different one.2. 相变是一种物理性质,并且物质存在四种相:固相、液相、气相和等离子体。Phase transition is a physical property and matter can exist in four phases : solid , liquid , gas and plasma. 3. 当温度低于熔点时,聚合物的晶体结构破坏,但其分子任然连接在分子链上,从而形成一种柔软和柔顺性材料。I
12、nstead , at some temperature below the melting point , polymers start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains , which results in a soft and pliable material. 5. 在工程应用中,渗透率通常用相对值而不是绝对值表示。In engineering applications , permeability is often expressed in relative ,
13、rather than in absolute , terms .Unit5: 服役期限 纵向方向 动态或循环载荷 初始长度 塑性形变 局部形变1. 金属的力学性质决定了材料使用范围,和服役期限。2. 因此,为了确定力学性质,一般需要做大量实验,报道的值一般是平均值或者经过计算的统计学上的最小值。3. 材料受载方式很大程度上决定了其力学性质,同时也在很大程度上决定了零部件怎样失效或者是否失效,以及在失效发生以前,是否会给出预警信号。4. 但是,承受弯曲载荷的棒其应力分布状态与垂直法线轴的距离有关。5. 低于一个被称为屈服极限的临界应力时,材料仅仅发生弹性形变。test specimen sta
14、tic loading applied force normal axisengineering strain critical stress yield strength stress areastress-strain curve 1. 通常,温度高于室温时,金属合金的强度性质降低,而延展性、破碎韧度和拉伸性能增强。Temperature above room temperature usually cause a decrease in the strength properties of metallic alloys,but a nincrease in ductility, fra
15、cture toughness and elongation.2. 从材料的角度来说,应力是一种在材料内部所分布的力,它可以平衡所施加的负荷并与其发生相互作用。From the perspective of what is happening within a material , stress is the internal distribution of forces within a body that balance and react to the loads applied to it. 3. 工程应变可定义为:所施加立方向上的材料的改变量与材料原始长度的比值。Engineerin
16、g strain is defined as the amount of deformation in the direction of the applied force divided by the initial length of the material . 4. 高强度和高延展性的材料比低强度和地延展性的材料的韧性高。A material with high stress and high ductility will have more toughness than a material with low strength and low ductility Unit7:2英译汉
17、导带 碱金属原子半径 轨道能量重叠离子晶格 固溶体1. 化学上,金属被定义为这样一种元素:容易失去电子行程正离子、容易和其他金属原子形成金属键。2. 金属键的非方向性被认为是金属延展性的主要原因。3. 共价键晶体只有打破原子间价键才能发生形变,因此导致了晶体破碎。4. 为一些高性能场合应用,如喷气式发动机,特殊设计的合金可以包含10种以上元素。3 汉译英delocalized electrons electrical structurealkali-earth metals electrochemical cellnuclear charge electrical conductivity1、
18、金属有时被描述为由游离电子团包围的正离子晶格。Metals are sometimes described as a lattice of positive ions surrounded by a cloud of delocalized electrons.2、通常地,金属具有良好的导电性和导热性,具有金属光泽,密度较大,并且具有在压力下变形而不会断裂的能力。Metals in general have superior electric and thermal conductivity, high luster and density and the ability to be defo
19、rmed under stress without cleaving. 3、合金是指两种或两种以上的元素形成的固溶体混合物,其中主要组分为金属。An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements in solid solution in which the major component is a metal.4、不同比率的金属结合成为合金可以改变纯金属的性质,从而产生所需要的性能。Combining different ratios of metals as alloys modifies the properties of pure metals t
20、o produe desirable characteristics.Unit8:高性能合金 机械(力学)强度单晶合金 抗氧化腐蚀性沉淀强化 晶格1. 超级合金的发展高度依赖于化学和工艺的革新、主要由航空和能源工业推动。2. 抗蠕变依赖于在晶体结构中降低位错移动速度。3. 超级合金加工技术的历史发展导致了超级合金使用温度的巨大提高。4. 单晶超级合金材料是以一种单晶体状体态而形成的,这种单晶体是应用一种修正的定性凝固技术被制造出来的,因此单晶超级合金材料中没有晶界。3. 英译汉Face centered cubic crystal structure turbine inlet tempera
21、tureMetallic material phase stabilityNuclear reaction synthesis of nanoparticles1. Superalloys typically have an austenitic face-centered cubic crystal structure. are used where there is a need for high temperature strength and corrosion /oxidation resistance, according to their properties. largest
22、applications of superalloys are the following: aerospace, submarines, nuclear reactors and military electric motors. high temperatures, the gaseous aluminum chloride or fluoride is transferred to the surface of the superalloy from its inner part.Unit10:原材料的提纯 长链烷烃玻璃烧杯 粘性液体火花塞绝缘子 玻璃陶瓷计算机辅助过程控制 表面分析方法
23、1. 我们将审视几个性质,会看到这些性质与我们对陶瓷构成的预判是何等匹配啊。2. 高温下(高于玻璃转变温度),玻璃不在表现出脆性行为,而是表现得像粘状液体一样。3. 它们表现出优异的力学性能、抗氧化腐蚀性能、或者电学、光学 磁学性能。4. 尽管传统的粘土基陶瓷已经使用了25000多年,先进陶瓷仅仅是近100年内发展起来的。Glass transiton temperature covalent ionic bondingStress distribution thermal expansion coefficientGlass fiber materials science and engin
24、eeringSolid-oxide fuell cells electron microscope 1. Diamond, which is classified as a ceramic, has the highest thermal conductivity of any known materials.2. Ceeramics are stronger in compression than in tension, whereas metals have comparable tensile and compressive strengths.3. Ceramics generally
25、 have low toughness, although combining them in composites can dramatically improve this property.4. The functions of ceramic products are dependent on their chemical compositon and microstructure, which determines their properties.Unit11:电子构型(组态) 多晶陶瓷氧含量 氧化物涂层电子束 电绝缘体工业风险 上呼吸道1. 材料科学和工程的研究领域被定义为四个主
26、题之间的相互关系:合成和加工、结构和成分、性质、性能。2. 不仅完美晶格、理想结构必须被考虑,更要考虑结构缺陷,结构缺陷在所有的材料中都是不可避免的,甚至无定形材料也有结构缺陷。3. 热压可以减少多孔性,以确保高致密度产品。4. 运输材料时,制造商应该提供关于他们产品的危险性的有关信息。Crystalline ceramics grain boundary Alkaline metal oxide oxide additiveTriple points saturation magnetizationTelevision tube color scale 1. To understand th
27、e behavior and properties of any material, it is essential to understand its structure.2. The grain size is determined by the size of the initial powder particles and the way in which they were consolidated.3. Transparent or translucent ceramics require that we limit the scattering of light by pores
28、 and second-phase particles.4. Alumina ceramics are used as electrical insulatores because of their high electrical resistivity and low dielectric constant.Unit13:聚合物合成 天然聚合物材料单体确认 生物合成链长 持久(余辉)长度1. 尽管聚合物这个属于在通用意义上一般指塑料,这个术语实际上也包含一大类天然和合成材料,这些材料有不同的性质和用途。2. 聚合物合成是这样一个过程:将许多被称为单体的小分子连接成以共价键结合的链状物的过程。
29、3. 接枝聚合物分子由带有一个或者多个侧链的主链构成,特殊类型接枝聚合物包含星型形状、梳子形状、刷子形状。4. 一些生物型聚合物由许多不同但结构上有联系的单体组成,如多聚核苷酸由核苷亚单体组成。Persistent length cross bonding Polar monomer nucleic acidPolyreaction polyelectrolyte 1. 现在商业上重要的聚合物是通过有机合成技术制备的。Most commercially important polymers today are entirely synthetic and produced in high volume, on appropriately scaled organic synthetic techniques.2. 某些生物聚合物是由一系列不同的但是结构却是相关的单体,例如:聚核苷酸是由核苷组成的。Some biological polymers are composed of a variety of different but structurally related monomers, such as polynucleotides composed of nucleotide subunits.3. 具有高交联度的聚合物分子能够
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