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名词的格Word格式文档下载.docx

1、名词+of +名词的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。4) 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barbers 理发店。5) 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有s,则表示分别有;只有一个s,则表示共有。例如:Johns and Marys rooms(两间)John and Marys room(一间)6) 复合名词或短语,s 加在最后一个词的词尾。a month or twos absence二、 冠词 知识概要冠词在英语中只有3个词,分为两类:不定冠词a与an,定冠词the。 a用在以辅音开始的单数

2、名词前,an用于以元音开始的单词前。不定冠词用来表示一类事物中泛指的某一事物,而定冠词则用于特指的某一个或某些事物,可用于不可数名词、可数名词单数及可数名词复数前。1 不定冠词的用法冠词本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词,另一种是不定冠词,还有一种是零冠词。不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是一个的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作e,而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做en。1) 表示,意为one;指某人或某物,意为a certain。 A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 有位姓凌的先生在等你。2)

3、代表一类人或物。 A knife is a tool for cutting with. 刀是切割的工具。 Mr. Smith is an engineer. 史密斯先生是工程师。3) 组成词组或成语,如a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try /keep an eye on

4、 / all of a sudden等。2 定冠词的用法 定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有那(这)个的意思,但意义较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。1)特指双方都明白的人或物。 Take the medicine.把药吃了。2)上文提到过的人或事。 He bought a house.Ive been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。3)指世上独一物二的事物,如the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth等。4)与单数名词连用表示一类事物,如the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸;或与形

5、容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only,very,same等前面。 Where do you live?I live on the second floor. 你住在哪?我住在二层。 Thats the very thing Ive been looking for. 那正是我要找的东西。6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体。 They are the teachers of this school.(指全体教师) They are teachers of this school. (指部分教师)7)表示所有,

6、相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前。 She caught me by the arm.她抓住了我的手臂。8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前。 the Peoples Republic of China 中华人民共和国 the United States 美国9)用在表示乐器的名词之前。 She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人。 the Greens 格林一家人 (或格林夫妇)11) 用在惯用语中。in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening),the d

7、ay after tomorrow the day before yesterday,the next morning,in the sky (water,field,country)in the dark,in the rain,in the distance,in the middle (of),in the end,on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre3 零冠词的用法 1) 国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:England,Mary。2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词。 They are teachers. 他们是教师。3)抽象名

8、词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词。 Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词。 Man cannot live without water.离开水人就无法生存。5)在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词。 We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我们从星期一到星期五都上课。6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词。 The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把

9、这个美国人送到李将军那里。7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词,如have breakfast,play chess。8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词。 I cant write without pen or pencil.没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。9)当by 与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词,如by bus,by train。10)有些个体名词不用冠词,如school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court 等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义。 g

10、o to hospital 去医院看病 go to the hospital 去医院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的)11)不用冠词的序数词; a. 序数词前有物主代词时。 b. 序数词作副词。He came first in the race. 他跑步得了第一。 c. 在固定词组中,如at(the)first, first of all, from first to last等。4 冠词与形容词+名词结构 1) 两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同的人或物。 He raises a black and a white cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。 The black and the whi

11、te cats are hers.这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。2) 如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一人或一物。He raises a black and white cat. 他养了一只花猫。5 冠词位置 1) 不定冠词位置不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意:a. 位于such,what,many,half等形容词之后。 I have never seen such an animal. 我从来没见过这样的动物。 Many a man is fit for the job. 许多人适合这岗位。b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时,不定

12、冠词应放在形容词之后。 It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. 我从未这么高兴过。 So short a time 如此短的时间 Too long a distance 距离太远了c. quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。但当rather,quite 前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可,如:rather a cold day/a rather cold day。d. 在as,though 引导的让步状语从句中,当表语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后。 Brave a man though he is,he tremb

13、les at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢,可见到蛇还是发抖。2) 定冠词位置定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all, both,double,half,twice,three times等词之后,名词之前。 All the students in the class went out.班里的所有学生都出去了。五、 冠词的正误分析误This building is an university.正This building is a university.析a用于以辅音音素开始的单词前,而an用于以元音音素开始的单词前,而不是元音字母开头的单词前。universi

14、ty的第一个音素是j,所以用a而不要用an。又如:There is a “n” in the word.是错句,应为:There is an “n”in the word.因字母n的发音的第一个音素是元音。要注意的还有hour因其第一个字母h不发音,所以应该用an hour。I need an hour to finish the work. It is a useful dictionary.It is a European country. I bought a used car.误I need a umbrella because it looks like raining.正I nee

15、d an umbrella because it looks like raining.析因umbrella的第一个音素是元音,所以应用an.常用的情况有:an old man, an English teacher, an elephant, an idea, an hour ago, an honest boy。误“Can you help me” “Sorry, Im in hurry.”正“Can you help me” “Sorry. Im in a hurry.”析不定冠词的主要用法如下:1. 用来表示一类人或事物,如:She is a teacher.2. 指某一类人或事物中的

16、一个,如:An elephant is bigger than a horse.3. 泛指某一人或事物,如:A man is waiting for you at the school gate.4. 相当于“one”的概念,如:I just bought a new dictionary.5. 其主要的难点是用在固定词组中:如:have a walk/a rest /a look in a hurry 匆匆忙忙 make a face 作鬼脸do somebody a favour 帮某人忙 a number of =manyhave a good time (玩得好) have a col

17、d (感冒)have a headache (头痛) have a break=have a rest误I bought the dictionary yesterday. A dictionary is very good.正I bought a dictionary yesterday. The dictionary is very good.析在文章中第一次提到某物时用不定冠词,而第二次提到时用定冠词。误Please turn off lights before you leave.正Please turn off the lights before you leave.析虽然是第一次提

18、到某物但说话双方均知其所指,也应用定冠词。误There are nine planets around a sun.正There are nine planets around the sun.析世上独一无二的天体等名词前应加定冠词,the earth, the moon, the sun, the sky, the sea.误I live on a second floor of this building.正I live on the second floor of this building.析在序数词,形容词最高级前要用定冠词。He is the oldest in the famil

19、y.误I want to learn the second language this term.正I want to learn a second language this term.析在序数词的含意不是顺序中的第一第二,而其意在于再学一个,再来一个时,应用a,本句的意思应为:这学期我要学一门第二外语。误Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world.正The Mississippi is one of the longest rivers in the world.析在河流名称前应加定冠词,如:the Yellow River(

20、黄河)。误Look, there are Alp.误Look, there are the Alp.正Look, there are the Alps.析具体的某一座山不加定冠词,如:Mountain Tai.但在山名称前加定冠词后,其山名要加s,来表示山脉。the Alps即为阿尔卑斯山脉。如:The Alps are in the center of Europe.误Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world.正The Times is one of the oldest newspapers in the world.析报刊名称前

21、应加定冠词。误Rich are not always happy.正The rich are not always happy.析在形容词前加定冠词表示一类人,而在姓的前面加定冠词,姓后加s表示某一家,如:The turners are going to move to New York.误I like to eat bread for breakfast. Bread sells in this shop is very good.正I like to eat bread for breakfast. The bread sells in this shop is very good.析物质

22、名词特指时也应加定冠词。误The sun rises in east.正The sun rises in the east.析在方向、方位前应用定冠词,如:in the east, in the west, in the north, in the south, in the direction 及in the past, in the future误Do you know who invented telephone正Do you know who invented the telephone析在特定和专有事物或名称前要加定冠词, the English Channel 英吉利海峡 the

23、Panama Canal 巴拿马运河 the Suez Canal 苏伊士运河误Would you please buy some food for the supper正Would you please buy some food for supper析泛指一日三餐前无定冠词。误I like to climb the mountain in the autumn.正I like to climb the mountain in autumn.析一年四季前不用定冠词,如:Spring is the best season in a year.误Sometimes my parents come

24、 to school to see me.正Sometimes my parents come to the school to see me.析有些名词被用作其本身原来所含目的时不加冠词,如:go to school上学,leave school(辍学),after school(放学),但如果当建筑物讲时应加冠词,如例句中其父母来校不是上学,而是看望孩子,则要加定冠词。又如,He was in hospital for two days.(他在医院住院两天了。)而:He went to the hospital to see his mother.他去医院看望他的母亲。误I bought

25、a same dictionary as she bought.正I bought the same dictionary as she bought.析在惯用法the same, the only, the very前的定冠词不可换为不定冠词。误The police caught the thief by his arm.正The police caught the thief by the arm.析这是英文表达法与中文的明显不同之处,也是初学者极易忽视之处。在英语中的某些动词,如:catch(抓),take(拿),strike (打),pat(拍),hit(击),hold(握),pull

26、(拉)动词后应加人,再加介词on, by, in, with之后要加定冠词,再加人体的某一部位。这时的定冠词千万不要换作his, her, their, 等词。误He was paid by hour.正He was paid by the hour.析by和计量单位之间要有定冠词。这句话应译为:他的工资是按小时计算的。误I went to New York by his car.正I went to New York by car.正I went to New York in his car.析by仅仅与交通工具相连表示应用某种工具,而加了别的修饰词后其前面的介词也应作相应的转换。by ca

27、r (坐小汽车)by taxi (坐出租车)by bike (骑自行车)by water (乘船)by air (乘飞机)by sea (乘船)误Mary began to learn how to play piano when she was three.正Mary began to learn how to play the piano when she was three.析在乐器前要加定冠词,而在球类游戏之前则不要加冠词,如:They like to play bridge when they are free. (他们空闲时爱打桥牌)误The little boy wanted t

28、o go to cinema.正The little boy wanted to go to the cinema.析英语中虽有一些名词与go to连用时不加定冠词,以表示该名词的内涵,如:go to school (上学),go to bed(睡觉)等,但去看电影则例外,要用go to the cinema.这也是语言的一个特点。误I live at 105 the Lake street.正I live at 105 Lake Street.析街道名称前不用冠词。误Next summer holiday I will go to country to live on a farm.正Nex

29、t summer holiday I will go to the country to live on a farm.析country既作国家讲也作乡村讲。作乡村讲时,一定要加定冠词,而且只有单数形式,作国家讲时则可有复数形式。Japan is a country .Japan, China, India are Asian countries.误The picture looks better at the distance.正The picture looks better at a distance.析at a distance意为“离开一定距离”。而in the distance为“远方,远处”。这样常用的词组有:as a rule (照例) in a hurry (匆忙) in the morning/afternoon (上/下午)in the sun (在阳光下) in the rain (雨中) in the same way (同样)

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