简单句并列句和复合句1Word下载.docx

1、 注意：关系副词里面没有how。如果要修饰方式，用that或inwhich引导，或者不用引导词。Idontliketheway（that,inwhich）heeyedme. 我不喜欢他看我的那个样子。 关系代词：who 关系代词who在从句中主要作主语，在非正式语体里who还可以作从句中的宾语。Heismanwhowantstoseeyou. sawparkyesterday.whom （whom）（whom在从句中作宾语） whose whose用来指人或物，（只能用作定语,若指物，它还可以同ofwhich互换）。Theyrushedoverhelpcarhadbrokendown.Plea

2、sepassmebookcovergreen. （of which the cover/the cover of which）which（1） which指物，在从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时在非正式语体中可以省略。neededaplantwhichdidntneedasmuchwaterrice. Thefarm（which）wevisitedyesterdaylocatedsuburbofBeijing. which（2） 当在which和that面前进行选择的情况下，一下情况要选which：1.在非限制性定语从句中通常用which作引导词，而不能用that做非限制性定语从句的引导词。2.修

3、饰整个主句。nevermetJuliaagainafterwaspity. 3.修饰谓语部分。canswimriver,cannot. 4.介词+which areallquestions whichtherenoanswers. that（1） that多用来指物，有时也可以用来指人；在从句中作主语或宾语。指物的时候多用that，也可用which。Itsquestionthatneedscarefulconsideration. （指物，作主语。） Whoreadingmagazineundertree?（指人，作主语。girl（that）Tomssister. （指人，作宾语，可省略。th

4、at（2） 在以下的情况中，只能用that作引导词，而不能用which作引导词。1.先行词为all,everything,anything,nothing,little等不定代词时。Allshelackedtraining.先行词被形容词最高级修饰时 Thisbestfilmhaveeverseen. 先行词被序数词和thelast修饰时 先行词中既有人又有物时 talkedaboutteachersandschoolstheyvisited. 5.主句是含有who或which的特殊疑问句，为了避免重复时 二、 状语从句1 地点状语从句地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。W

5、here I live there are plenty of trees.Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.2 方式状语从句方式状语从句通常由as, （just） asso, as if, as though引导。1） as, （just） asso引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在（just） asso结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是正如，就像，多用于正式文体，例如：Always do to the others as you would be done by.你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。As water is t

6、o fish, so air is to man.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。2） as if, as though 两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作仿佛似的好像似的，例如：They completely ignore these facts as if （as though） the

7、y never existed.他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。He looks as if （as though） he had been hit by lighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的。It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不转睛地

8、看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。3 原因状语从句比较：because, since, as和for1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。 I didnt go, because I was afraid. Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号

9、，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。 He is absent today, because / for he is ill. He must be ill, for he is absent today.4 目的状语从句 表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, in case等词引导，例如： You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all. Better take more clothes in case th

10、e weather is cold.5 结果状语从句结果状语从句常由so that 或 suchthat引导，掌握这两个句型，首先要了解so 和 such与其后的词的搭配规律。so和 such其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。 so 还可与表示数量的形容词many, few, much, little连用，形成固定搭配。so foolishsuch a foolso nice a flowersuch a nice flower so many / few flowers such nice flowersso m

11、uch / little money. such rapid progressso many peoplesuch a lot of people （ so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。 sothat与suchthat之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。 The boy is so young that he cant go to school. He is such a young boy that he cant go to school6 条件状语从句连接词主要有 if, unless, as/

12、so long as, on condition that 等。.if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。 unless = if not. Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired. If you are not too tied, lets go out for a walk. 7 让步状语从句though, although注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用Although its raining, they are st

13、ill working in the field.3）ever if, even though.即使Well make a trip even though the weather is bad.4） whetheror- 不管都 Whether you believe it or not, it is true.5）no matter +疑问词 或疑问词+后缀ever No matter what happened, he would not mind. Whatever happened, he would not mind. 替换：no matter what = whatever no

14、 matter who = whoever no matter when = whenever no matter where = wherever no matter which = whichever no matter how = however 注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.（对）Whatever you say is of no use now. 你现在说什么也没用了。（Whatever you say是主语从句）（错）Prisoners have to eat no mat

15、ter what theyre given,（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。8 比较while, when, as1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。 Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as 或 while。 When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.3）从句表示随时间推

16、移连词能用as，不用when 或while。 As the day went on, the weather got worse.日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。9 比较until和till此两个连词意义相同。肯定形式表示的意思是做某事直至某时，动词必须是延续性的。否定形式表达的意思是直至某时才做某事。动词为延续性或非延续性都可以。 正确使用这两个连词的关键之一就在于判断句中的动词该用肯定式还是否定式。 肯定句： I slept until midnight. 我一直睡到半夜时醒了。 Wait till I call you. 等着我叫你。 （在肯定句中可用before代替 Lets get i

17、n the wheat before the sun sets.） 否定句： She didnt arrive until 6 oclock. Dont get off the bus until it has stopped. 1）Until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。Until you told me, I had heard nothing of what happened.直到你告诉我以前，出了什么事我一点也不知道。2）Until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。 -Until when are you staying?你呆到什么时候？ - Until next M

18、onday.呆到下周一。注意：否定句可用另外两种句式表示。（1）Not until 在句首，主句用倒装。Not until the early years of the 19th century did man know what heat is.直到19 世纪初，人类才知道热能是什么。Not until I began to work did I realize how much time I had wasted. 直到我开始工作，我才认识到了我已蹉跎了几多岁月。（2）It is not until that10 表示一就的结构hardly/scarcelywhen/before, no

19、soonerthan和as soon as都可以表示的意思，例：I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.As soon as I got home, it began to rain.如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.No sooner had I got home th

20、an it began to rain.三、 名词性从句1）.宾语从句（The Object Clause）； 宾语从句 在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。宾语从句可以作及物动词的宾语，作短语动词的宾语，介词的宾语。 宾语从句：及物动词 Everybodyknowsmoneydoesngrowontrees. 短语动词 gofindoutwhentrainwillarrive. 介词的宾语 aminterestedwhatdoing. 否定的转移 donsupposeyoureusedthisdiet. 我想你不习惯这种饮食。believeshell

21、arrivebefore8. 我相信她8点之前不会到。2）.表语从句（The Predicative Clause）； 表语从句 在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做宾语从句。表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。Whatpolicewantknowyouenteredroom. shoulddo. Thatswhyworkthere. if,though,because也可用来引导表语从句。Sheseemsifdonegreatthing. Itbecauseeattoomuch. 虚拟语气：表语从句 主语是idea,notion,proposal,suggestion,request等名词时,作

22、表语从句的动词为原形动词或should+原形动词。Mysuggestion （should）him. Ouronlyrequestbesettledsoonpossible. 3）.同位语从句 （The Appositive Clause）。 同位从句一般跟在某些名词如answer（答案），hope（希望），fact（事实），belief （信仰），news（消息），idea（主意；观念），promise（承诺），information（信息），conclusion（结论），order（命令）， suggestion（建议），problem（问题），thought （想法）等后面。例如： I

23、had no idea that you were here. She told us her hope that she would become a pianist. He made a promise that he would never come late. 同位语从句：whether whether可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用whether作为引导词。hasntmadedecisionwhethersmalldoubtsuitableforjob. what what可以引导同位语从句，而定语从句不能用what作为引导词 ideadoingnow. how how可以引导同

24、位语从句，而定语从句不能用how作为引导词 howdidit. 同位语从句和定语从句的区别（1） 同位语从句和先行词是同等的关系；而定语从句是用来修饰先行词，是从属的关系。 同位语从句和定语从句的区别（2） that在同位语从句中没有词义，不充当句子成分；而在定语从句中充当主语、宾语等句子成分。 同位语从句和定语从句的区别（3） whether,what,how可以用来引导同位语从句；而它们不能用来引导定语从句。语法复习一：句子成分；简单句、并列句和复合句一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语。除此之外还有同位语、插入语、呼语和感叹语。（二）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，句子说明的人或事物。一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。 During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.