BritishEnglishandAmericanEnglishnot1必备学习Word格式.docx

1、目录（Tables and Appendixes） （二） 本文：引言（Introduction） 主体，含篇（Part）、章（Chapter）、节（Section） 、以及注释 （Footnotes） （三）参考资料：参考书目（References or Bibliography） 附录资料（Appendix）。进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者：一.研究的方向 二.研究的范围 三.资料搜集的范围 四.预期研究成果 通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定

2、写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤， 大纲是论文、报告的骨干， Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作。好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。就算是小报告，也

3、至少应含 （一）TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期 （二）Summary： 即主要的结论 （三）Introduction：包括理论背景及内容 （四）Technical Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。（五）Conclusions：即扼要的结论 （六）Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项 美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已

4、成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说（Presentation），用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。It was said by Sir George Bernard Sh

5、aw that England and America are two countries separated by the same language. My first personal experience of this was when I worked as a camp counselor for two months in 2000 in s Summer Camp run by the Boy Scouts of America, as part of an international leader exchange scheme. Before I went, all th

6、e participants in the scheme were given a short list of words that are in common use in the UK which Americans would either be confused by or would even offend them. I memorized the words and thought Ill cope.萧伯纳爵士曾说过：“英国和美国是被同一种语言分开的两个国家。”我对此话的第一次亲身感受是在2000年，当时作为国际领导人交换项目的一部分，我在美国男童子军组织的夏令营活动中担任了两个

7、月的营地辅导员。在我动身之前，此次项目所有的参与者每人得到一份简短的单词表、上面列出了在英国通用、在美国则可能引起意义含混甚至会冒犯他人的词汇。我把这些单词记了下来，并认为自己“能够应付”。When I finally arrived in the States three months later, I realized that perhaps a lifetime of watching American television was not adequate preparation for appreciating and coping with the differences bet

8、ween American and British speech. In the first hour of arriving at the camp I was exposed to High School American English, Black American English and American English spoken by Joe Public, all every different to each other. Needless to say, I did cope in the end. The Americans I met were very welcom

9、ing and helpful, and I found they were patient with me when I made a social faux pas when I used an inappropriate word or phrase.3个月后我终于来到美国，我这才意识到，或许用一辈子的时间来观看美国电视，也不足以让我充分准备好来领略和应对英美两国语言的差异。在到达营地后的第1个小时里，我就大大地领教了美国中学生英语、美国黑人英语及美国普通老百姓所说的英语，它们之间差异很大。不用说，我最终都一一应付了过来。我所遇到的美国人都十分热情且乐于助人，当我因为不恰当地使用了某个单

10、词或短语而失礼时，他们对我很耐心。Upon my return I began to wonder whether anyone had documented the differences between American and British English. I found several books on the subject but often these were written in a dry and academic way. I felt that I could do better and use my sense of humor and personal expe

11、riences to help people from both sides of Atlantic to communicate more effectively when they meet.回国后，我便开始琢磨，对于英美两国语言间的差异，是否有人曾做过记载。关于这方面的书，我找到了几本，但这些书常常写得枯燥无味，充满学究气。我认为，我能做得更好，我能用我的幽默感及亲身经历帮助大西洋两岸的人们在见面时，更加有效地交流。My research into the subject led me to several conclusions.我对这个问题的研究，使我得出了几条结论。Firstly,

12、 American English and British English are covering thanks to increased transatlantic travel and the media. The movement of slang words is mostly eastwards, though a few words from the UK have been adopted by the Ivy league fraternities. This convergent trend is a recent one dating from the emergence

13、 of Hollywood as the predominant film making center in the world and also from the Second World War when large numbers of American GIs were stationed in the UK. This trend was consolidated by the advent of television. Before then, it was thought that American English and British English would diverg

14、e as the two languages evolved. In 1789, Noah Webster, in whose name American dictionaries are still published to this day, stated that: Numerous local causes, such as a new country, new associations of people, new combinations of ideas in the arts and some intercourse with tribes wholly unknown in

15、Europe will introduce new words into the American tongue. He was right, but his next statement has since been proved to be incorrect. “These causes will produce in the course of time a language in North America as different from the modern Dutch, Danish and Swedish are from the German or from one an

16、other.首先，由于跨洋交往的增加和新闻媒体的作用，美式英语和英式英语正在相互靠拢。俚语词汇的流向主要是向东的，尽管少数源自英国的词汇已被常青藤院校所接受。这两种语言的会聚趋势刚刚才显露出来，它开始于好莱坞作为世界主要电影生产中心的倔起，以及大量美国士兵驻扎在英国的二战时期。电视的出现使这种趋势得到了增强。此前，人们认为，随着两种语言的演化发展，英式英语和美式英语间的差异会增大。在1789年，诺韦伯斯特，一位直到今天美国的字典还以其名字出版发行的人物，就曾说过：“许多地方性的原因，例如：一个新的乡村的出现、人际新的联系、艺术中各种思想的新组合及与一些欧洲人从未有过见闻的部落间的交往，都会为美

17、语引人新的词汇。”韦伯斯特是正确的，但那之后他的下一句话已被证明是不正确的。“随着时间的推移，这些原因将使北美大陆上产生一种与今后的英国语言不同的语言，这二者间的差异将与现代荷兰语、丹麦语、瑞典语同德语之间或这几种语言相互间的差异一样大。”Webster had underrated the amount of social intercourse between England and her former colony. Even before Webster had started to compile his dictionary, words and expressions from

18、 the America had already infiltrated the British language, for example canoe and hatchet. Very few people in Britain realize how many of the words they use are of American origin. Often this importation of American words has encountered a linguistic snobbery by the British, which was a manifestation

19、 of the cultural snobbery that bedeviled Anglo-American relationships for a long time. This is not, thankfully, the case now.韦伯斯特低估了英国和其前属殖民地间社会交往的频度。甚至在他开始编纂字典之前，就有一些来自美国的单词和表达方法已经渗入了英国英语中，例如“独木舟”和“短柄小斧”。没有多少英国人清楚，在他们所使用的词汇中，有多少是源自美国的。常常是，这种美国词语的输入会遭遇到英国人语言上的鄙夷，这种态度是长期以来给英美关系添了不少麻烦的文化势利行为的一种表现。还好，现

20、在情况不是这样了。Secondly, there are some generalizations that can be made about American and British English which can reveal the nature of the two nations and their peoples. British speech tends to be less general, and directed more, in nuances of meaning, attendant murmurings and pauses, carries a wealth

21、 of shared assumptions and attitudes. In other words, the British are preoccupied with their social status within society and speak and act accordingly to fit into the social class they aspire to. This is particularly evident when talking to someone from the middle class when he points out that he i

22、s upper middle class rather than middle class or lower middle class. John Major （the former UK Prime Minister） may have said that we are now living in a classless society but the class system still prevails. At that moment both he and the Leader of the Opposition, Tony Blair, were talking about capt

23、uring the middle England, middle class vote as the key to winning the next general election. American speech tends to be influenced by the over-heated language of much of the media, which is designed to attach an impression of exciting activity to passive, if sometimes insignificant events. Yet, cur

24、iously, really violent activity and life-changing events are hidden in blind antiseptic tones that serve to disguise the reality. Two examples come readily to mind - the US Military with their friendly firecollateral damages and the business world with their downsizing. British people tend to unders

25、tatement whereas Americans towards hyperbole. A Briton might respond to a suggestion with a word such as Terrific! only if he is expressing rapturous enthusiasm, whereas an American might use the word merely to signify polite assent.第二，就英式英语和美式英语而言，人们可以作出一些归纳，这些归纳能够揭示两国及两国人民的特质。英国人倾向于用相对具体、意义细腻而直接的语

26、言去针对人群中的某一个亚群体。这已经成为了一种社会规范，人们说的话不多，因为每一个词，随着与其相伴的沉吟与停顿，都承载着丰富的共享假定与态度。换句话说，英国人的心思都放在了对其在社会中地位的关注上，其一言一行都是为了适应他们所心仪的社会阶层的需求。这一点最为突出的表现就是当你在同一个来自“中产阶级”的人土交谈时，他会指出他是“中上层阶级”，而不是“普通的中产阶级”或是“中下层阶级”。约翰梅杰（英国前首相）可能曾说过我们现在生活在一个“无阶级的社会”里，但是阶级体制依旧流行。当时，他和反对党领袖托尼布莱尔都在谈论抓住“英国的中部地区”、赢得“英国中产阶级的选票”乃是争取下次大选胜利的关键。美语易

27、于受大部分新闻媒体的极富夸张力语言的影响。这类语言在设计时往往赋予那些消极的、有时是没有意义的活动以一种热热闹闹的印象。然而，奇怪的是，真正的暴力行为和改变命运的事件却隐藏在平和、冷静的用以隐匿真情的语调之下。两个例子立即浮现在脑海中，如美国军方使用的“友好火力”和“间接损害”，以及商界使用的“精简”。英国人倾向于言而不过，而美国人则倾向于言过其实。在对一条建议作出反应时，唯有当英国人表达一种极为喜悦的热情时，才会说像“棒极了”这样的词；而美国人在使用这个词时，可能只是想表达一种有礼貌的同意。Thirdly, The American language had less regard than

28、 the British for grammatical form, and will happily bulldoze its way across distinctions rather than steer a path between them. American English will casually use one form of a word for another, for example turning nouns into verbs or verbs and nouns into adjectives.第三，美语没有英语那样注重语法形式。美语会像推土机一样在语言的差异

29、间从一边到另一边快乐地推出一条路，而不会在差异间独辟一条路径。美式英语会很随意地把一种词性用成另一种词性，例如把名词用成动词，或把动词和名词用成形容词。英语作文常用谚语、俗语1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解，自欺欺人。3、All rivers run into sea. 海纳百川。4、All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。5、All work and no play makes

30、Jack a dull boy. 只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善终。7、Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。8、A faithful friend is hard to find. 知音难觅。9、A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。10、A friend is easier lost than found. 得朋友难，失朋友易。11、A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。12、A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者善终。13、A good book is a good friend. 好书如挚友。14、A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。15、A mothers love never changes. 母爱永恒。16、An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天一苹果，不用请医生。17、A single flower does not make a spr