非谓语动词用法归纳文档格式.docx

1、所表示的动作常发生在谓语动词的动作之后或与谓语动词所表示的动作同时进行；动词不定式进行式：所表示的动作正在进行；动词不定式完成式：所表示的动作则在谓语动词的动作之前发生。2.动词ing的一般式：所表示的动作在谓语动词之前、后或同时进行要看语境；动词ing的完成式：所表示的动作在谓语动词之前发生。he came here to borrow a book. i pretended to be reading when mother came in.she is said to have been sent to europe on business being a student, he was

2、 interested in books.having done his homework, he went to bed. the question being discussed is important.非谓语动词主要的句法功能一览表：非谓语动词功能主语宾语表语定语状语补语不定式动名词极少分词1不定式和动名词作主语的区别（1）动名词作主语通常表示抽象动作；而不定式作主语表示具体动作。smoking is prohibited（禁止）here这里禁止抽烟。（抽象）it is not very good for you to smoke so much你抽这么多烟对你身体很不好。（具体）（2

3、）动名词作主语时，通常用以表示一件已知的事或经验。不定式短语通常用来表示一件未完成的事或目的。climbing mountains is interesting爬山很有趣。（经验）driving a car during the rush hour is tiring在高峰时刻开车令人厌烦。（3）不定式做主语，一般用it当形式主语，把作主语的不定式短语后置。it took me only five minutes to finish the job.动名词或不定式都可以在句中作主语，但在下列句型中常用动名词作主语。it is / was no use / good + doing sth.it

4、 is / was not any use / good + doing sth.it is / was of little use / good + doing sth.it is / was useless doing sth.it is no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。it is of little good staying up too late every day.每天都熬夜没有什么好处2不定式和动名词作宾语的区别英语中大多数动词既可跟不定式，也可跟动名词作直接宾语，但有些动词要求：（1）不定式做宾语和宾语补足语1）下面的动词要求不定式做宾语a

5、fford, agree, arrange, choose, decide, hope, expect, offer, plan, promise, determine, demand, manage, fail, prepare, refuse, pretend, seem常跟不定式作宾语的动词歌诀：三个希望两答应，两个要求莫拒绝, 设法学会做决定,不要假装在选择。hope; wish; want ; agree; promise demand; ask; refuse manage; learn; decidepretend ; choose想要拒绝命令，需要努力学习,期望同意帮助，希望决

6、定开始。want ; refuse ; order need; try ; learn expect ; agree ; help hope ; wish ; decide ; begin ;start2）下面的动词要求不定式做宾补：动词+宾语+动词不定式ask要求，邀请 get请，得到 prompt促使allow允许 forbid禁止 prefer喜欢，宁愿announce宣布 force强迫 press迫使bride 收买 inspire鼓舞 request请求assist协助 hate憎恶 pronounce断定，表示advise劝告 exhort告诫，勉励 pray请求authoriz

7、e授权，委托 help帮助 recommend劝告，推荐bear容忍 implore恳求 remind提醒beg请求 induce引诱 report报告compel强迫 invite吸引，邀请， summon传唤command命令 intend想要，企图 show 显示drive驱赶 mean意欲，打算 train训练cause引起 instruct指示 require要求deserve应受 leave使，让 tell告诉direct指导 like喜欢 tempt劝诱entitle有资格 order命令 warn告诫enable使能够 need需要 urge激励，力说encourage鼓励 o

8、blige不得不 want想要condemn指责，谴责 lead引起，使得 teach教entreat恳求 permit允许 wish希望（2）有少数动词只能用动名词作宾语admit, advise, allow, appreciate, avoid, complete, consider, delay, deny, enjoy, escape, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, practise, suggest, stop, cant stand, cant help, be worth常跟动词ing作宾语的动词歌诀:考虑建议盼原谅，承认推迟没得想，避免

9、错过继续练，否认完成停能赏，不禁介意准逃亡，不准冒险凭想象。consider, suggest / advise ,look forward to ,excuse ,pardon /admit, delay / put off , fancyavoid , miss ,keep /keep on , practise /deny , finish , stop ,enjoy / appreciate /cant help , mind , allow/ permit ,escape/forbid , risk , imagine 例如：i appreciate having been give

10、n the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.我很感激两年前给我出国学习的机会。（3）有些动词后使用动名词和动词不定式作宾语的差别以下的动词后面既可接动词的不定式又可以接动词的ing作宾语： hate, love , prefer , remember , forget, regret , like ,try , stop , begin , start既跟动词ing又接不定式作宾语的动词歌诀:双方一旦开始，不论喜欢与否，都得继续下去。begin , start ,like ,prefer , hate ,dislike ,continue .

11、不管记住与否，努力打算停止，后悔三个需要。remember , forget , try , mean , stop , reget ,want , need , require1）forget to do 忘记要去做某事（此事未做）forget doing忘记做过某事（此事已做过或已发生）2）stop to do 停止、中断（某件事），目的是去做另一件事stop doing 停止正在或经常做的事3）remember to do 记住去做某事（未做）remember doing记得做过某事（已做）4） regret to do对要做的事遗憾regret doing对做过的事遗憾、后悔5）try

12、 to do努力、企图做某事try doing试验、试一试某种办法6） mean to do打算，有意要mean doing意味着7）go on to do 继而（去做另外一件事情）go on doing 继续（原先没有做完的事情）8）propose to do 打算（要做某事）proposing doing建议（做某事）9） like /love/hate/ prefer +to do 表示具体行为；+doing sth 表示抽象、倾向概念（注）如果这些动词前有should一词，其后宾语只跟不定式，不能跟动名词。i should like to see him tomorrow10） nee

13、d, want, deserve, require +动名词表被动意义；+不定式被动态表示“要（修、清理等）”意思。3不定式、动名词和分词作表语的区别（1）不定式作表语1）不定式作表语一般表示具体动作，特别是表示将来的动作。to do two things at a time is to do neither-次做两件事等于未做。what i would suggest is to start work at once.我的建议是立刻开始干。2）如果主语是不定式（表示条件），表语也是不定式（表示结果）。to see is to believe.百闻不如一见。to work means to e

14、arn a living工作就是为了生活。3）如果主语是以aim， duty， hope， idea， happiness， job， plan， problem， purpose， thing， wish等为中心的名词，或以what引导的名词性从句，不定式作表语是对主语起补充说明作用。his wish is to buy a luxurious car in the near future他的希望是在不远的将来买一辆豪华轿车。the most important thing is to negotiate with them about the future of the plant（2）动

15、名词作表语：动名词作表语，表示抽象的一般性的行为。our work is serving the people我们的工作是为人民服务。his hobby is collecting stamps他的爱好是集邮。（注）动名词作表语时与进行时态中的现在分词形式相同，但其所属结构迥异，进行时态说明动作是由主语完成的。动名词做表语，说明主语的性质或情况。his victory in the final was no more convincing than i had expected（3）分词作表语分词做表语有两种情况，一种是现在分词做表语，一种是过去分词做表语，这两者区别是考试中经常考到的地方。一

16、般来说，表示心理状态的动词如excite， interest等都是及物动词，汉语意思不是“激动”，“高兴”，而是“使激动”、“使高兴”，因而现在分词应该是“令人激动的”、“令人高兴的”，过去分词则是“感到激动的”和“感到高兴的”。所以，凡表示“令人的”都是-ing形式，凡是表示“感到”都用-ed形式。换句话说，若人对感兴趣，就是somebody is interested in.,若人/物本身有兴趣时，就是说sb./sth. is interesting.这类词常见的有：interesting使人感到高兴-interested感到高兴的exciting令人激动的-excited感到激动的del

17、ighting令人高兴的-delighted感到高兴的disappointing令人失望的-disappointed感到失望的encouraging令人鼓舞的-encouraged感到鼓舞的pleasing令人愉快的-pleased感到愉快的puzzling令人费解的-puzzled感到费解的satisfying令人满意的-satisfied感到满意的surprising令人惊异的-surprised感到惊异的worrying令人担心的-worried感到担心的travelling is interesting but tiring旅行是有趣的，但是使人疲劳。the argument is v

18、ery convincing他的论点很令人信服。they were very excited at the news听到这个消息，他们非常激动。4不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别（1）不定式作定语1）不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系he was the last one to leave school yesterday昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。the train to arrive was from london将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。2）不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系get him something to eat给他拿点儿东西吃。she has a lot of

19、work to do in the morning早上他有很多工作要做。3）不及物动词构成的不定式做定语，要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系，这里的介词不能省去。i need a pen to write with我需要一支笔写字。there is nothing to worry about没有什么值得发愁的。4）不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如：ability能力，本领 drive赶，驾驶 movement运动，活动ambition抱负，野心 effort努力，尝试 need需要，需求campaign战役，运动 failure失败，不及格 oppo

20、rtunity机会chance机会 force力，压力，要点 promise许诺，希望courage勇气 intention意向，意图 reason理由，原因decision决定 method方法，方式 light光，光线，亮光determination决心，决定 motive动机，目的 struggle奋斗，努力，tendency倾向，趋势 wish希望，愿望，祝愿5）被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next， second, last, only和not a，the等限定词时候，只能用不定式。6）不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot

21、等习惯上用不定式做定语。john will do anything but work on a farm除了农活，约翰什么都愿意干。7）如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语，或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语，则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如： tend to do-tendency to do；decide to do = decision to do；be curious to do = curiosity to dohis wish to buy a car came true他要买辆车的愿望实现了。their decision to give up the experiment surprise

22、d us他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。he is always the first to come and the last to leave他总是第一个到来，最后一个离去。（2）分词作定语分词作定语时有下面几个特点：1 现在分词表示主动意义，正在进行；2 过去分词一般表示被动含意，状态或做完（完成）的事。he rushed into the burning house他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。the child standing over there is my brother站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。the room facing south is our classroom朝南的

23、房间是我们的教室。have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗?he is an advanced teacher他是个先进教师。3）-ing作定语 动名词多位于其前表示其性能、用途（无时间性可换为for+doing）he has a reading room. a sleeping car（a car for sleeping）现在分词表正在进行（主谓关系）即主动进行，可换为定语从句; the girl gathering flowers is beautiful. the question being discussed now is impo

24、rtant. 过去分词作定语有（动宾关系，表完成）即被动完成，可换为定语从句。we can see a lot of fallen leaves on the ground.（we can see a lot of leaves which have fallen on the ground. ）4）下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语，但不具有被动意义，这点要注意：作定语的不及物动词分词形式为：v ing 和过去分词。v ing表示正在进行；过去分词表示已经完成。falling leaves 正落的叶子 fallen leaves 落下的叶子boiling water 正沸腾的水 bo

25、iled water 沸腾过的水（白开水）departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come（3）不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系一般来说，不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后；do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from beijing?你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗？现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时

26、发生；do you want to see the doctor working on the case report in the office?你要见那位正在办公室里写病历的医生吗？过去分词表示的动作或是在谓语所表示的动作之前发生，或是没有一定的时间性。have you read the novel written by dickens ?5作宾补时,三者的区别1.有些动词接不定式作宾补：（和宾语有主谓关系强调动作将发生或已经完成；表一次性动作）tell/ order/ persuade/ invite/ force /warn / encourage/ get/ ask + sb to

27、dohe asked me to finish it in time. the teacher told me to clean the blackboard.feel（一感）; hear listen to（二听）; have make let（三使）；see watch observe notice look at find （六看） + sb do等感官使役动词后不定式作宾补省略to,但被动以后要还原to.i heard him call me several times. i heard her sing the song many times. tom was made to sin

28、g.2.有些动词接ing作宾补： feel（一感）; have get leavekeep （四使）；see watch observe notice look at find （六看） +sb doing （强调动作主动，正在进行，或尚未完成；延续性动词）i found her listening to the radio. i heard her singing the song when i passed her room.3. 有些动词接过去分词作宾补：feel（一感）; make let get have leave keep （六使）；see watch observe notic

29、e look at find （六看） +sb done （表动作被动完成，多强调状态）speak louder so that you can make yourself heard. we found the village greatly changed.i heard the song sung in english many times. （3）不带to的不定式下列动词后在主动语态中用不带to 的不定式作补语，但在被动语态中要加上to：它们是“吾看三室两厅一感觉”5看（look at, see, watch, notice, observe）；3使（make, let, have）；2听（listen to, hear）；1感觉（fell）。以上动词还