1、2.AprotectiveBdangerousCsufficientDtroublesome3.AInsteadBHoweverCLikewiseDTherefore4.AindicatorBobjectiveCoriginDexample5.AimpactBrelevanceCassistanceDconcern6.AintermsofBincaseofCinfavorofDinof7.AmeasuresBdeterminesCequalsDmodifies8.AinessenceBincontrastCinturnDinpart9.AcomplicatedBconservativeCvar
2、iableDstraightforward10.AsoBunlikeCsinceDunless11.AshapeBspiritCbalanceDtaste12.AstartBqualityCretireDstay13.AstrangeBchangeableCnormalDconstant14.AoptionBreasonCopportunityDtendency15.AemployedBpicturedCimitatedDmonitored16.ABcombinedCsettledDassociated17.AEvenBStillCYetDOnly18.AdespisedBcorrectedC
3、ignoredDgrounded19.AdiscussionsBbusinessesCpoliciesDstudies20.AforBagainstCwithDwithoutSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartAReadthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Whatwouldyoudowith590m?ThisisnowaquestionforGloriaMackenzie
4、,an84-year-oldwidowwhorecentlyemergedfromhersmall,tin-roofedhouseinFloridatocollectthebiggestundividedlotteryjackpotinhistory.Ifshehopeshernew-foundfortunewillyieldlastingfeelingsoffulfillment,shecoulddoworsethanreadHappyMoneybyElizabethDumnandMichaelNorton.Thesetwoacademicsuseanarrayofbehavioralres
5、earchtoshowthatthemostrewardingwaystospendmoneycanbecounterintuitive.Fantasiesofgreatwealthofteninvolvevisionsoffancycarsandextravaganthomes.Yetsatisfactionwiththesematerialpurchaseswearsofffairlyquicklywhatwasonceexcitingandnewbecomesold-hat;regretcreepsin.Itisfarbettertospendmoneyonexperiences,say
6、MsDumnandMrNorton,likeinterestingtrips,uniquemealsorevengoingtothecinema.Thesepurchasesoftenbecomemorevaluablewithtime-asstoriesormemories-particularlyiftheyinvolvefeelingmoreconnectedtoothers.Thisslimvolumeispackedwithtipstohelpwageslavesaswellaslotterywinnersgetthemosthappinessbangforyourbuck.Itse
7、emsmostpeoplewouldbebetteroffiftheycouldshortentheircommutestowork,spendmoretimewithfriendsandfamilyandlessofitwatchingtelevision(somethingtheaverageAmericanspendsawhoppingtwomonthsayeardoing,andishardlyjollierforit).Buyinggiftsorgivingtocharityisoftenmorepleasurablethanpurchasingthingsforoneself,an
8、dluxuriesaremostenjoyablewhentheyareconsumedsparingly.ThisisapparentlythereasonMacDonaldsrestrictstheavailabilityofitspopularMcRib-amarketingtrickthathasturnedtheporksandwichintoanobjectofobsession.Readersof“HappyMoney”areclearlyaprivilegedlot,anxiousaboutfulfillment,nothunger.Moneymaynotquitebuyhap
9、piness,butpeopleinwealthiercountriesaregenerallyhappierthanthoseinpoorones.Yetthelinkbetweenfeelinggoodandspendingmoneyonotherscanbeseenamongrichandpoorpeoplearoundtheworld,andscarcityenhancesthepleasureofmostthingsformostpeople.Noteveryonewillagreewiththeauthorspolicyideas,whichrangefrommandatingmo
10、reholidaytimetoreducingtaxincentivesforAmericanhomebuyers.Butmostpeoplewillcomeawayfromthisbookbelievingitwasmoneywellspent。21.AccordingtoDumnandNorton,whichofthefollowingisthemostrewardingpurchase?AAbighouseBAspecialtourCAstylishcarDArichmeal22.TheauthorsattitudetowardAmericanswatchingTVisAcritical
11、BsupportiveCsympatheticDambiguous23.Macribismentionedinparagraph3toshowthatAconsumersaresometimesirrationalBpopularityusuallycomesafterqualityCmarketingtricksareaftereffectiveDraritygenerallyincreasespleasure24.Accordingtothelastparagraph,HappyMoneyAhasleftmuchroomforreaderscriticismBmayprovetobeawo
12、rthwhilepurchaseChaspredictedawiderincomegapintheusDmaygiveitsreadersasenseofachievement25.ThistextmainlydiscusseshowtoAbalancefeelinggoodandspendingmoneyBspendlargesumsofmoneywoninlotteriesCobtainlastingsatisfactionfrommoneyspentDbecomemorereasonableinspendingonluxuriesText2AnarticleinScientificAme
13、ricahaspointedoutthatempiricalresearchsaysthat,actually,youthinkyouremorebeautifulthanyouare.Wehaveadeep-seatedneedtofeelgoodaboutourselvesandwenaturallyemployanumberofself-enhancingstrategiestoresearchintowhatthecallthe“aboveaverageeffect”,or“illusorysuperiority”,andshownthat,forexample,70%ofusrate
14、ourselvesasaboveaverageinleadership,93%indrivingand85%atgettingonwellwithothersallobviouslystatisticalimpossibilities.Werosetintourmemoriesandputourselvesintoself-affirmingsituations.Webecomedefensivewhencriticized,andapplynegativestereotypestootherstoboostourownesteem,westalkaroundthinkingwerehotst
15、uff.PsychologistandbehavioralscientistNicholasEpleyoversawakeystudyingintoself-enhancementandattractiveness.Ratherthathavepeoplesimplyratetheirbeautycompresswithothers,heaskedthemtoidentifyanoriginalphotograghofthemselvesfromalineupincludingversionsthathadbeenalteredtoappearmoreandlessattractive.Vis
16、ualrecognition,readsthestudy,is“anautomaticpsychologicalprocessoccurringrapidlyandintuitivelywithlittleornoapparentconsciousdeliberation”.Ifthesubjectsquicklychoseafalselyflatteringimage-whichmustdid-theygenuinelybelieveditwasreallyhowtheylooked.Epleyfoundnosignificantgenderdifferenceinresponses.Nor
17、wasthereanyevidencethat,thosewhoself-enhancethemust(thatis,theparticipantswhothoughtthemostpositivelydoctoredpicturewerereal)weredoingsotomakeupforprofoundinsecurities.Infactthosewhothoughtthattheimageshigheruptheattractivenessscalewererealdirectlycorrespondedwiththosewhoshowedothermakersforhavinghi
18、gherself-esteem.“Idontthinkthefindingsthatwehavinghaveareanyevidenceofpersonaldelusion”,saysEpley.“Itsareflectionsimplyofpeoplegenerallythinkingwellofthemselves.Ifyouaredepressed,youwontbeself-enhancing.KnowingtheresultsofEpleysstudy,itmakessensethatwhypeopleheatphotographsofthemselvesViscerally-ono
19、nelevel,theydontevenrecognisethepersoninthepictureasthemselves,Facebooktherefore,isaself-enhancersparadise,wherepeoplecanshareonlythemostflatteringphotos,thecreamoftheirwit,style,beauty,intellectandlifestyleitsnotthatpeoplesprofilesaredishonest,sayscatalinatomaofWisconMadisonuniversity,”buttheyportr
20、ayanidealizedversionofthemselves.26.Accordingtothefirstparagraph,socialpsychologisthavefoundthat_.Aourself-ratingsareunrealisticallyhighBillusorysuperiorityisbaselesseffectCourneedforleadershipisunnaturalDself-enhancingstrategiesareineffective27.Visualrecognitionisbelievedtobepeoples_ArapidwatchingB
21、consciouschoiceCintuitiveresponseDautomaticself-defence28.Epleyfoundthatpeoplewithhigherself-esteemtendedto_AunderestimatetheirinsecuritiesBbelieveintheirattractivenessCcoveruptheirdepressionsDoversimplifytheirillusions29.Theword“Viscerally”(Line2,para.5)isclosestinmeaningto_.AinstinctivelyBoccasion
22、allyCparticularlyDaggressively30.ItcanbeinferredthatFacebookisself-enhancersparadisebecausepeoplecan_.ApresenttheirdishonestprofilesBdefinetheirtraditionallifestylesCsharetheirintellectualpursuitsDwithholdtheirunflatteringsidesText4Whenthegovernmenttalksaboutinfrastructurecontributingtotheeconomythe
23、focusisusuallyonroads,railways,broadbandandenergy.Housingisseldommentioned.Whyisthat?Tosomeextentthehousingsectormustshouldertheblame.Wehavenotbeengoodatcommunicatingtherealvaluethathousingcancontributetoeconomicgrowth.Thenthereisthescaleofthetypicalhousingproject.Itishardtoshoveforattentionamongmul
24、tibillion-poundinfrastructureproject,soitisinevitablethattheattentionisfocusedelsewhere.Butperhapsthemostsignificantreasonisthattheissuehasalwaysbeensopoliticallycharged.Nevertheless,theaffordablehousingsituationisdesperate.Waitinglistsincreaseallthetimeandwearesimplynotbuildingenoughnewhomes.Thecom
25、prehensivespendingreviewoffersanopportunityforthegovernmenttohelprectifythis.Itneedstoputhistoricalprejudicestoonesideandtakesomestepstoaddressoururgenthousingneed.Therearesomeindicationsthatitispreparingtodojustthat.Thecommunitiesminister,DonFoster,hashintedthatGeorgeOsborne,ChancelloroftheExchequer,mayintroducemoreflexibilitytothecurrentcapontheamountthatlocalauthoritiescanborrowagainsttheirhousingstockdebt.Evidenceshowsthat60,000extranewhomescouldbebuiltoverthenextfiveyearsifthecapwerelifted,incre
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