TPO10reading语法整理Word文档下载推荐.docx

1、5、 In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft.6、 Just as painted designs on Greek pots may se

2、em today to be purely decorative, whereas in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots.7、 The dragon represented the emperor, and the phoenix, the empress; the pomegranate indicated fertility, and a pair of fish, happin

3、ess; mandarin ducks stood for wedded bliss; the pine tree, peach, and crane are emblems of long life; and fish leaping from waves indicated success in the civil service examinations.8、 Long and often lyrical descriptions of the different types of ware exist that assist in classifying pots, although

4、these sometimes confuse an already large and complicated picture.TPO10-reading-passage 29、 One of the most difficult aspects of deciding whether current climatic events reveal evidence of the impact of human activities is that it is hard to get a measure of what constitutes the natural variability o

5、f the climate.10、 We also know that the global climate system is immensely complicated and that everything is in some way connected, and so the system is capable of fluctuating in unexpected ways.11、 What we do know is that as we include longer time intervals, the record shows increasing evidence of

6、 slow swings in climate between different regimes.12、 While these records provide broadly consistent indications that temperature variations can occur on a global scale, there are nonetheless some intriguing differences, which suggest that the pattern of temperature variations in regional climates c

7、an also differ significantly from each other.13、 Equally striking, however, is the relative stability of the climate in the past 10,000 years （the Holocene period）.14、 One way to estimate how all the various processes leading to climate variability will combine is by using computer models of the glo

8、bal climate.15、 There is a growing body of opinion that both these physical variations have a measurable impact on the climate.TPO10-reading-passage 316、 Such villages, however, generally lay in regions of relatively advanced agricultural production, permitting not only the survival of peasants but

9、also the accumulation of an agricultural surplus for investment.17、 More extended trading networks also helped develop Europes economy in this period.18、 English and Dutch ships carrying rye from the Baltic states reached Spain and Portugal.19、 Population growth generated an expansion of small-scale

10、 manufacturing, particularly of handicrafts, textiles, and metal production in England, Flanders, parts of northern Italy, the southwestern German states, and parts of Spain.20、 Only iron smelting and mining required marshaling a significant amount of capital （wealth invested to create more wealth）.

11、21、 The development of banking and other financial services contributed to the expansion of trade.22、 An Amsterdam merchant purchasing soap from a merchant in Marseille could go to an exchanger and pay the exchanger the equivalent sum in guilders, the Dutch currency.23、 The exchanger would then send

12、 a bill of exchange to a colleague in Marseille, authorizing the colleague to pay the Marseille merchant in the merchants own currency after the actual exchange of goods had taken place.24、 The rapid expansion in international trade also benefitted from an infusion of capital, stemming largely from

13、gold and silver brought by Spanish vessels from the Americas.25、 Unlike short-term financial cooperation between investors for a single commercial undertaking, joint-stock companies provided permanent funding of capital by drawing on the investments of merchants and other investors who purchased sha

14、res in the company.二、 不定式1、 Just as painted designs on Greek pots may seem today to be purely decorative, whereas in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots.2、 We need therefore to know how much the climate can vary o

15、f its own accord in order to interpret with confidence the extent to which recent changes are natural as opposed to being the result of human activities.3、 Instrumental records do not go back far enough to provide us with reliable measurements of global climatic variability on timescales longer than

16、 a century.4、 To build up a better picture of fluctuations appreciably further back in time requires us to use proxy records.5、 Over long periods of time, substances whose physical and chemical properties change with the ambient climate at the time can be deposited in a systematic way to provide a c

17、ontinuous record of changes in those properties overtime, sometimes for hundreds or thousands of years.6、 One way to estimate how all the various processes leading to climate variability will combine is by using computer models of the global climate.7、 They can do only so much to represent the full

18、complexity of the global climate and hence may give only limited information about natural variability.8、 Studies suggest that to date the variability in computer simulations is considerably smaller than in data obtained from the proxy records.9、 Thus we need to be able to include these in our delib

19、erations.10、 Some current analyses conclude that volcanoes and solar activity explain quite a considerable amount of the observed variability in the period from the seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries, but that they cannot be invoked to explain the rapid warming in recent decades.11、 Popula

20、tions cannot grow unless the rural economy can produce enough additional food to feed more people.12、 Much of the potential for European economic development lay in what at first glance would seem to have been only sleepy villages.13、 Members of poor peasant families spun or wove cloth and linens at

21、 home for scant remuneration in an attempt to supplement meager family income.14、 Only iron smelting and mining required marshaling a significant amount of capital （wealth invested to create more wealth）.15、 Bills of exchange, which had their origins in medieval Italy, were promissory notes （written

22、 promises to pay a specified amount of money by a certain date） that could be sold to third parties.16、 Merchants no longer had to carry gold and silver over long, dangerous journeys.17、 The exchanger would then send a bill of exchange to a colleague in Marseille, authorizing the colleague to pay th

23、e Marseille merchant in the merchant18、 Bills of exchange contributed to the development of banks, as exchangers began to provide loans.19、 Not until the eighteenth century, however, did such banks as the Bank of Amsterdam and the Bank of England begin to provide capital for business investment.20、

24、Their principal function was to provide funds for the state.三、 分词1、 The ceramics fall into three broad typesearthenware, stoneware, and porcelainfor vessels, architectural items such as roof tiles, and modeled objects and figures.2、 During the Six Dynasties period （AD 265-589）, kilns in north China

25、were producing high-fired ceramics of good quality.3、 White wares produced in Hebei and Henan provinces from the seventh to the tenth centuries evolved into the highly prized porcelains of the Song dynasty （AD. 960-1279）, long regarded as one of the high points in the history of Chinas ceramic indus

26、try.4、 Ceramic products also include lead-glazed tomb models of the Han dynasty, three-color lead-glazed vessels and figures of the Tang dynasty, and Ming three-color temple ornaments, in which the motifs were outlined in a raised trail of slipas well as the many burial ceramics produced in imitatio

27、n of vessels made in materials of higher intrinsic value.5、 Trade between the West and the settled and prosperous Chinese dynasties introduced new forms and different technologies.6、 So admired were these pieces that they encouraged the development of earthenware made in imitation of porcelain and i

28、nstigated research into the method of their manufacture.7、 From the Middle East the Chinese acquired a blue pigmenta purified form of cobalt oxide unobtainable at that time in Chinathat contained only a low level of manganese.8、 Cobalt ores found in China have a high manganese content, which produce

29、s a more muted blue-gray color.9、 In the seventeenth century, the trading activities of the Dutch East India Company resulted in vast quantities of decorated Chinese porcelain being brought to Europe, which stimulated and influenced the work of a wide variety of wares, notably Delft.10、 Just as pain

30、ted designs on Greek pots may seem today to be purely decorative, whereas in fact they were carefully and precisely worked out so that at the time, their meaning was clear, so it is with Chinese pots.11、 Only when European decorative themes were introduced did these meanings become obscured or even lost.12、 From early times pots were used in both religious and secular contexts.13、 The imperial court co