高考英语复习第一板块阅读理解之题型篇专题一第三讲主旨大意题抽取主干细加工讲义文档格式.docx

1、一、常见设问方式The best title of the passage is _.Which of the following is the best title of the passage?What would be the best title for the passage?The most appropriate title of the passage is _.二、解题必备知能（一）理解标题的3大特点一个好的标题应具备三大特点：1概括性准确而又简短；2针对性标题外延正好与文章内容相符；3醒目性能引发读者的阅读欲望。（二）巧用3大方法确定文章标题1正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基

2、础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；2反面否定法：撇开原文，拿各个备选项去设想用它们写出来的“文章”将是什么内容，然后和原文章对照，一一排除不符选项；3研读备选项本身：研读备选项里面的中心词、修饰词的变化、结构、概括性等。例（2018全国卷阅读B）Good Morning Britains Susanna Reid is used to grilling guests on the sofa every morning, but she is cooking up a storm in her latest role showing families how to prepare delicio

3、us and nutritious meals on a tight budget.In Save Money: Good Food, she visits a different home each week and with the help of chef Matt Tebbutt offers top tips on how to reduce food waste, while preparing recipes for under 5 per family a day. And the Good Morning Britain presenter says shes been ab

4、le to put a lot of what shes learnt into practice in her own home, preparing meals for sons, Sam, 14, Finn, 13, and Jack, 11.“We love Mexican churros, so I buy them on my phone from my local Mexican takeaway restaurant，” she explains. “I pay 5 for a portion （一份）, but Matt makes them for 26p a portio

5、n, because they are flour, water, sugar and oil. Everybody can buy takeaway food, but sometimes were not aware how cheaply we can make this food ourselves.”The eightpart series （系列节目）, Save Money: Good Food, follows in the footsteps of ITVs Save Money: Good Health, which gave viewers advice on how t

6、o get value from the vast range of health products on the market.With food our biggest weekly household expense, Susanna and Matt spend time with a different family each week. In tonights Easter special they come to the aid of a family in need of some delicious inspiration on a budget. The team tran

7、sforms the familys long weekend of celebration with less expensive but still tasty recipes.27What can be a suitable title for the text?AKeeping Fit by Eating SmartBBalancing Our Daily DietCMaking Yourself a Perfect ChefDCooking Well for Less解题示范第一步：读文章，概括文意本文是一篇新闻报道。早安英国的节目主持人苏珊娜瑞德新推出了一档节目Save Money

8、: Good Food，向观众展示如何用较少的预算做出美味营养的饭菜。第二步：析选项，斟酌判断A通过明智的吃来保持健康文中虽提到有关饮食和健康方面的内容，但这不是文章主要内容。以偏概全，主次不分B平衡我们的日常饮食文中没有提到平衡日常饮食。无中生有，生搬硬套C让你自己成为一个完美的厨师文中只是提到用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜，没有说做一个完美的厨师。D用的少，烹饪好文章围绕用较少的预算做出美味的饭菜展开的。涵盖性强，覆盖全文答案D类型二文章大意题Whats the main idea/point of the passage?The passage is mainly about _.The p

9、assage is mainly concerned about _.Which of the following best states the main idea of the passage?Which of the following statements best expresses the main idea/theme of the passage?In this passage the author discusses primarily _.The subject discussed in this text is _.The general/main idea of the

10、 passage is about _.掌握寻找主题句的4个小窍门，快速确定文章大意文章是由段落组成的。段落的主题就是段落的中心思想，具体段落的中心思想又是为文章整体中心思想服务的。理解整篇文章的中心思想的方法是建立在理解具体段落中心的基础上的。找出每小段的主题句，各段的主题句常在该段的首句或尾句，各段主题句的整体归纳便是文章的中心思想。有的文章无明显主题句，主题句隐含在段意之中，这就需要进一步加工概括。观察全文的结构安排，理解文章的“重心”和支撑性细节。用浏览法（skimming），即快速阅读文首、文尾，或每段的首句和尾句等，搜索主题线索和主题信息的方法可以快速找到主题句。以下是找主题句的四

11、个小窍门：1段落中出现表示转折的词语（如however, but, in fact, actually等）时，该句很可能是主题句。2首段出现疑问句时，对该问句的回答很可能就是文章主旨。3作者有意识地重复的观点，通常是主旨；反复出现的词语，一般为体现文章主旨的关键词。4表示总结或结论的句子常包含therefore, thus, in short, conclude, conclusion等词，通常是主旨。全国卷阅读C）Languages have been coming and going for thousands of years, but in recent times there has

12、 been less coming and a lot more going. When the world was still populated by huntergatherers, small, tightly knit （联系） groups developed their own patterns of speech independent of each other. Some language experts believe that 10,000 years ago, when the world had just five to ten million people, th

13、ey spoke perhaps 12,000 languages between them.Soon afterwards, many of those people started settling down to become farmers, and their languages too became more settled and fewer in number. In recent centuries, trade, industrialisation, the development of the nationstate and the spread of universal

14、 compulsory education, especially globalisation and better communications in the past few decades, all have caused many languages to disappear, and dominant languages such as English, Spanish and Chinese are increasingly taking over.At present, the world has about 6,800 languages. The distribution o

15、f these languages is hugely uneven. The general rule is that mild zones have relatively few languages, often spoken by many people, while hot, wet zones have lots, often spoken by small numbers. Europe has only around 200 languages; the Americas about 1,000; Africa 2,400; and Asia and the Pacific pe

16、rhaps 3,200, of which Papua New Guinea alone accounts for well over 800. The median number （中位数） of speakers is a mere 6,000, which means that half the worlds languages are spoken by fewer people than that.Already well over 400 of the total of 6,800 languages are close to extinction （消亡）, with only

17、a few elderly speakers left. Pick, at random, Busuu in Cameroon （eight remaining speakers）, Chiapaneco in Mexico （150）, Lipan Apache in the United States （two or three） or Wadjigu in Australia （one, with a questionmark）: none of these seems to have much chance of survival.31What is the main idea of

18、the text?ANew languages will be created.BPeoples lifestyles are reflected in languages.CHuman development results in fewer languages.DGeography determines language evolution.文章介绍了世界上语言的种类随着人类社会的发展而逐渐减少这一现象。新语言将会被创造。文章介绍的是语言的减少而不是新语言的创造。移花接木，偷换概念人们的生活方式会反映到语言上。文中没有这种说法。人类的发展导致语言越来越少。文章介绍了世界上语言多样性的发展变

19、化以及现在很多语言面临消亡的威胁这一现象。地理决定语言的发展。答案C类型三段落大意题What does the author tell us in Paragraph .?The main idea of the second paragraph probably is _.The first paragraph is mainly about _.Which of the following can best summarize Para.1?What is the first paragraph mainly about?归纳段落大意的2种方法方法1：概括段落大意要准确概括某段的大意，务必

20、要知道该段的逻辑结构。（1）如果该段是按总分顺序组织，首句做总的说明，其他句子对其进行具体论述，这种结构的主题句就在段首；（2）如果按分总顺序组织，主题句就在段尾；（3）如果按分总分的顺序组织，则主题句就在这段话的中间；（4）如果按总分总的顺序，段落结构相对难度较低，我们可以很明显的看到一段的首句和末句的内容几乎完全一致，正确答案就呼之欲出了；（5）如果按并列式行文，这种结构的段落一般会在一段中讨论两个平行的内容，整个段落可以从中间处分开，前后是平行关系，这样的段落结构对应的答案通常也会是很明显的并列关系；（6）如果对比各事物，那么它们的共同点或不同点就是该段大意。方法2：揣摩段落大意有时，作

21、者可能不直接写出主题句，而是通过各种方法暗示给读者，这就需要充分发挥读者的想象力与判断力，揣摩段落大意。例（2017全国卷阅读C节选）Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle named the Transition has two seats, four wheels a

22、nd wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 mil

23、es per gallon.28What is the first paragraph mainly about?AThe basic data of the Transition.BThe advantages of flying cars.CThe potential market for flying cars.DThe designers of the Transition.读文章，概括段意该段没有主题句，但是从以下几个方面说明了飞车the Transition的相关情况：制造商：Terrafugia Inc.首飞成功：completed its first flight上市时间：wi

24、thin the next year飞车名字：the Transition飞车构成：two seats, four wheels and wings飞行时速：around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air耗油：5 gallons per hour in the air; On the ground, 35 miles per gallon由以上信息可以看出该段主要描述了飞车the Transition的一些基本数据。飞车the Transition的基本数据。A项是对本段内容的精炼概括和总结。涵盖性强，覆盖全段飞车的一些优点。该选

25、项错误在于以下两点：该段介绍了名字为the Transition的飞车；而不是全部飞车（flying cars）。该段列举的是基本数据而不是优点。飞车的潜在市场。原文没有提及。飞车the Transition的设计商。该选项仅仅是文章中的一个方面。答案A课堂应用体验 Jens Danielsen kneeled on his dogsled as it slid along the rough edge of a frozen sea. The 15 dogs in his team moved carefully. Despite the bitter cold of late March,

26、 the ice had broken up, making travel dangerous. “The sea ice used to be three feet thick here，” Jens says. “Now its only four inches thick.”Jens is a 45yearold hunter from Qaanaaq, a village of about 650 people. He was heading toward the ice edge to find walruses （海象）, as Inuit hunters have always

27、done. With 57 dogs to feed, as well as his extended family, hell need to kill several walruses on this trip.Normally the ice comes to northwestern Greenland in September and stays until June. But during the past few years the ice has been thick and the hunting good for only three or four weeks. The

28、ice shelf gives hunters access to the walruses, seals, and whales they hunt. Without it, hunting becomes nearly impossible. In one recent winter, Qaanaaqs hunters found themselves without sufficient food to feed their starving dogs. The hunters asked for help, and the government responded with money

29、 while fishing corporations assisted by sending fish by airplane.Today, fewer than 500 ice hunters are able to live by hunting alone. They travel by dogsled, wear skins, and hunt with harpoons. At the same time, they also use guns, cellphones, and watch TV. “This changing weather is bad for us，” Jens says. “Some of our people have to