第六讲句法syntax原创Word格式.docx

1、 我十岁。三）祈使句: 用来向对方（听众）发出请求,命令的句子叫祈使句。祈使句一般需对方作行为动作。 Come here, please. 请过来。Come to my office immediately. 马上到我的办公室来。四）感叹句: 用来表示自己的一种强烈感情的句子叫感叹句。What an interesting story it is! 多有趣的故事啊!How beautiful your sweater is! 你的毛衣多漂亮啊！2） 根据句子的结构来分,句子可分为下列几种:一）简单句 句中只含有一个主语或并列主语和一个谓语或并列谓语的句子I study English ever

2、y day. 我天天学习英语。Lucy and Lili went shopping yesterday. 露西和丽丽昨天上街去买东西。二）并列句 由连接词或 ; 把两个以上（含两个）的简单句连在一起的句子在并列句中,各个简单句意思完整,不受其他简单句的影响。These flowers are white and those flowers are red.这些花是白色的而那些花是红色的。I am a worker but my brother is a professor. 我是一个工人，但是我的兄弟是个教授。三）复合句 句子中含有从句的句子叫做复合句。I know its difficul

3、t to master English well. 我知道学好英语不容易。Can you tell me how many students there are in your class?你能告诉我你们班里有多少学生吗？句子的成分: 构成句子的基本成分叫做句子成分。句子成分可分为主语,谓语,宾语,表语,定语,状语,同位语。它们可以由单词来担任,也可以由词组,以及句子来担任。主语 主语是一个句子中所要表达,描述的人或物，是句子的主体。I work here. 我在这儿工作。She is a new teacher. 她是一个新教师。He is in charge of a limited co

4、mpany. 他主管一家有限公司。主语可以由名词,代词,数词,动词不定式,动名词,名词化形容词,分词,从句,短语等来担任。The book is on the desk. 书在桌子上。I get an idea. 我有一个主意。Two and two are four. 二加二等于四。Smoking is bad to health. 吸烟对身体有害。The wounded has been taken to the hospital. 伤员已经送到医院。When to begin is not known yet. 什么时间开始还不知道。What I know is important. 我

5、所知道的很重要。谓语 谓语是用来说明主语做了什么动作或处在什么状态。谓语可以由动词来担任,一般放在主语的后面。The child has been brought up by his mother. 这孩子是由他的妈妈带大的。We dont know him very well. 我们不太了解他。She speaks English fluently. 她英语讲得很流利。表语 表语是用来说明主语的性质, 身份, 特征和状态。表语须和连系动词一起构成句子的复合谓语。表语一般放在系动词后,可以由名词,形容词或起名词和形容词作用的词和短语担任。These desks are yellow. 这些桌子

6、是黄色的。I am all right. 我没事。We are happy now. 我们现在很幸福。Its over. 时间到了。She is ten. 她十岁了。My work is teaching English, 我的工作是教英语。The dictionary is in the bag. 词典在书包里边。My question is how you knew him. 我的问题是你如何认识他的。宾语 宾语是谓语动作所涉及的对象, 它是动作的承受者宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的成分担任，宾语一般放在谓语动词后面。I saw a cat in the tree. 我看见树上有一只猫。I

7、want to go shopping. 我想去买东西。He said he could be here. 他说他会来的。We think you are right. 我们认为你是对的。注：有些及物动词可以有两个宾语 ,其中一个宾语多指人,另一个宾语指物,指人的宾语叫做间接宾语,指物的宾语叫做直接宾语,可以带两个宾语的动词有 bring,give, show, send, pass, tell 等。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面,如果强调直接宾语可把直接宾语放在间接宾语的前面,但间接宾语前须加 to 。My father bought me a book. 我父亲给我买了一本书。Give t

8、he rubber to me. 把橡皮给我。Please give the letter to Xiao Li. 请把这封信给小李。有些及物动词除跟一个宾语外，还需要加上宾语补足语,否则意思不完整, 它们一起构成复合宾语,复合宾语中宾语和后面的宾语补足语有一种逻辑上的主谓关系，这也是判断是两个宾语还是复合宾语的依据, 宾语可以由名词或起名词作用的词担任。We all call him Lao Wang. 我们都叫他老王。Please color it red. 请给它涂上红颜色。We found the little girl in the hill. 我们在山上找到了小女孩。定语 用于描述

9、名词,代词,短语或从句的性质,特征范围等情况的词叫做定语, 定语可以由名词,形容词和起名词和形容词作用的词,短语担任。如果定语是单个词,定语放在被修饰词的前面,如果是词组,定语放在被修饰词的后面。That is a beautiful flower. 那是一朵漂亮的花。The TV set made in that factory is very good. 那个工厂生产的电视机很好。This is my book, not your book. 这是我的书,不是你的书。There are more than twenty trees in our school. 我们学校里有二十多棵树。I

10、have a lot of things to do. 我有好多要做的事情。Our country is a developing country. 我们的国家是一个发展中的国家。状语: 说明事物发生的时间,地点,原因,目的,结果方式, 条件或伴随情况,程度等情况的词叫状语。状语可以由副词, 短语以及从句来担任。 We went to the countryside last year. 去年我们去了乡下。 I often read the news paper at night. 我经常在晚上看报纸。We study hard for our country. 我们为我们的国家而努力学习。m

11、 late because I missed the bus. 由于误了车,所以我迟到了。I go to school on foot. 我步行去上学。简 单 句简单句可分为下列五种形式：1）主语 + 系动词 + 表语。I am a student. 我是一名学生。You are a teacher. 你是一位教师。She is a worker. 她是一个工人。 The picture is beautiful. 照片很漂亮。The football is on the floor. 足球在地上。2）主语 + 不及物动词。The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。

12、 We arrived at Beijing yesterday. 我们昨天到达北京。They have worked for tree hours this morning. 他们今早工作了三个小时。3）主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 We help each other. 我们互相帮忙。I have received a letter from my parents. 我收到一封我父母亲的信。I bought a bike last year. 去年我买了一辆自行车。4）主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语I gave him a book last week. 上周我给了他一本书

13、。My parents will buy me a gift. 我父母亲将给我买一件礼品。5）主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语. I heard him singing in the hall. 我听见他在大厅里唱歌。I saw her watching TV play. 我看到她在看电视。并 列 句 并列句: 用并列连接词把两个或两个以上的简单句连接在一起的句子叫并列句.常用的连接词如下: also, and, but, either . or, however, not only.but also, or, or else, so, still, yet, neither.no

14、r. 并列句的构成,简单句 + 连接词 + 简单句。He studied hard and he passed the examination. 他学习努力并通过了考试。 Lets hurry, or well be late. 咱们赶紧点,要不就迟到啦。I have been to Beijing many times but my parents have never been there. 我去过北京多次,但我父母亲从没去过。复 合 句 复合句：是由两个或两个以上的有主谓结构的句子用从属连词连接起来的句子。其中一个句子是主体,叫做主句,而其他的句子叫做从句。从句由连接词引导, 它们是:t

15、hat, before, whether, if, although, because, as long as, as soon as, since, after, who, which, whom, what, whose, why, where, how, when, 从句尽管有主谓结构,但不能单独成为一个句子,在句中, 从句仅担任某个成分,根据担任的成分从句可分主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句,定语从句,状语从句。主语从句 在句中起主语作用的句子叫做主语从句. 主语从句一般放在句首。引导主语从句的词有下列: that, who, whether, if, what, which, when,

16、 where, how, why. Who cleaned the blackboard is not known yet. 谁擦的黑板还不知道。 What he said is not true. 他说的不是实话. That hell come to see us is really great. 他来看我们真是太好啦。s very good that he has passed the exam. 他通过了考试太好了。宾语从句 在句中起宾语作用的句子叫做宾语从句，宾语从句放在动词后面。 引导宾语从句的词有下列。 that, if, whether, what, which, when, w

17、here, how, why,I didnt expect that he had broken the glass. 我没有想到他把玻璃打破了。 Could you tell me who is your teacher? 你能告诉我谁是你的教师吗？I dont know why he is absent. 我不知道为什么他不在。表语从句 在句中起表语作用的句子叫做表语从句，表语从句放在系动词的后面。 引导表语从句的词有下列。 that, whether, what, which, when, where how, why等. The question is wether he will j

18、oin us next time. 问题是下次他是否跟我们一起干。That is why I am late. 这就是我为什么迟到。定语从句 在句中起定语作用的句子叫做定语从句，定语从句放在被修饰的名词后面。 引导定语从句的词有下列。 who, whose, that, which, whom, when, where why. Do you know the man who is in the car. 你认识坐在汽车里的人吗？This is the place where I was born. 这就是我出生的地方。That is the reason why he lost his jo

19、b. 这就是他为什么失去工作的原因。状语从句 在句中起状语作用的句子叫做状语从句，状语从句一般放在句后,强调时放在句首。 He opened the windows since it was hot. 由于天气热，他打开了窗户。When he was young, he couldnt go to school。 他年青的时候没能上学。ll let you know as soon as he come back. 他一回来我就告诉你。（二） 复合句 （compound clause） 复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句和从句都具有完整的主谓结构，但主句是全句的主体，从句只是全句

20、的一个成分，不能独立。根据从句在全句中的不同作用，从句可分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、定语从句、和状语从句。前四种从句在复合句中的作用相当于名词，统称为名词性从句。一） 名词性从句 （noun clause） 主语从句：（subjective clause）作句子主语的从句称主语从句。通常由从属连词that,whether, if和连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。1.that在句中无词义，只起连接作用，而连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义，起连接作用，又充当句子成分。（th

21、at与what区别：从句中如果主语和表语或宾语都不缺，用that否则用what） That the volleyball match will be put off is certain now.Whether Mr Smith will go to attend the meeting depends on the weatherWhat MrWang has said has nothing to do with the caseHow the situation in the Middle East will develop is anybodys guessWhen and where

22、 we shall hold the meeting will be discussed at todays meeting.Whoever did this should be punished2.主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式，有时为避免句子头重脚轻，常用形式主语it代替主语从句，而把主语从句置于句末。常见下面的六种结构中：（1）It+be（seem）+adj.+that从句 Its disappointing that Tom cant come to the celebrations true that Mr.Wang has been seriously ill.s strang

23、e that there is noone in the room. It seems that Mary is not coming at all =Mary doesnt seem to be coming at all.常这样用的形容词有：clear,certain,fortunate,funny,good,obvious,likely,surprisiug,true,unusual,wonderful等。（2）It+be+adj.+that从句（should或动词原形） s quite necessary that some immediate efforts （should） be

24、made It is advisable that you（should） take care of your health 常用于这种结构的形容词：anxious,careful,important,necessary,possible等。 （3）It+be+adj.+thatshould have doneIt is quite natural that Mr. Henry should have been regarded as one of the best managers of the city. 常用于这种结构的形容词有：fit,important,necessary,prope

25、r,right,wrong等（4）It+be+（a/an/形容词性物主代词noun十that It is a pity that you have missed such a wonderful concert 常用于这种结构的名词：duty, fact, good news, a good thing, an honour, no wonder, a pity, regret等。（5）It+（not）动词（动词短语）+that. It doesnt matter which of the question is to be discussed firstt make much differe

26、nce whether they come or not. It happened that the Wangs were out when I called . It appears that we have come on the wrong conclusion. 常用于这种结构的动词有：seem, happen, appear, matter等 （6）在以下结构中也常用it作形式主语，代替主语从句 1.如全句是被动语态时： It is said that the novel written by Jia Pingao has been translated into many lang

27、uages. It is reported that another satellite has been sent into the space by China. 常用词：report, say, believe, suppose, suggest, think等 2.如该句是疑问句时： Is it probable that he will raise money for the children who are out Of school? Is it true that Mr. Zhang has been seriously hurt in the bus accident? 3.

28、如该句是感叹句时： How strange it is that the young boy could work out so many maths 0problems in a minute!3.whether引导主语从句时，既可以直接位于句首，也可以位于句末.if引导主语从句时只能用于it作形式主语的从句中。 Whether We needit6 is a different matter. It is a different matter whether （if） we need it. 宾语从句：（objective clause）用作宾浯的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导

29、主语从句，表语从句的大致一样，宾语从句在句中可作谓语动词、介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 1.由连接词that引导的宾语从句，that在口语邓非正式文体中常省略。 I believe （that） the Chinese Womens Football Team will surely win in the match Louis hopes （that） he will succeed in the coming exam I regret （that） I did not go to the concert with you yesterday 但下列情况that不省： （1）that从句被短语、词组等与谓语动词分开时： They told us once again that this would never happen The dealer told me how much he was prepared to pay for my car and that I could h