1、 their studies may be more reasonable if they had considered this situation. their results could be better convinced if they . or their conclusion may remain some uncertainties. 1.2.之后引导出一种新方法,或者一种新方向。 如果研究的方法以及方向和前人一样,可以通过下面的方式强调自己工作的作用: however, data is still scarce rare less accurate there is sti
2、ll dearth of we need to / aim to / have to provide more documents / data / records / studies increase the dataset further studies are still necessary. / essential. 为了强调自己研究的重要性,一般还要在however之前介绍自己研究问题的反方面,另一方面等等, 比如: 1)时间问题 如果你研究的问题时间上比较新,你就可以大量提及对时间较老的问题的研究及重要性,然后说(however),对时间尺度比较新的问题研究不足 2)物性及研究手段
3、问题 如果你要应用一种新手段或者研究方向,你可以提出当前比较流行的方法以及物质性质,然后说对你所研究的方向和方法,研究甚少。 3)研究区域问题 首先总结相邻区域或者其它区域的研究,然后强调这一区域研究不足 4)不确定性 虽然前人对这一问题研究很多,但是目前有两种或者更多种的观点,这种uncertanties, ambiguities,值得进一步澄清 5)提出自己的假设来验证 如果自己的研究完全是新的,没有前人的工作进行对比,在这种情况下,你可以自信地说,根据提出的过程,存在这种可能的结果,本文就是要证实这种结果。 we aim to test the feasibility (reliabil
4、ity) of the . it is hoped that the question will be resolved (fall away) with our proposed method (approach). 1.3. 如何提出自己的观点 we aim to this paper reports on provides results. extends the method focus on. the purpose of this paper is to. furthermore, moreover, in addition, we will also discuss. 1.4.
5、圈定自己的研究范围 前言的另外一个作用就是告诉读者包括(reviewer)你的文章主要研究内容。如果处理不好,reviewer会提出严厉的建议,比如你没有考虑某种可能性,某种研究手段等等。为了减少这种争论,在前言的结尾你就要明确提出本文研究的范围: 1)时间尺度问题 如果你的问题涉及比较长的时序,你可以明确地提出本文只关心这一时间范围的问题。 we preliminarily focus on the older (younger).或者有两种时间尺度的问题 (long-term and short term),你可以说两者都重要,但是本文只涉及其中一种 2) 研究区域的问题 和时间问题一样,
6、明确提出你只关心这一地区 1.5. 最后的原场 在前言的最后,还可以总结性地提出,这一研究对其它研究的帮助。 或者说,further studies on . will be summarized in our next study (or elsewhere) 总之,其目的就是让读者把思路集中到你要讨论的问题上来。减少争论(arguments). 2. 怎样提出观点 在提出自己的观点时,采取什么样的策略很重要。不合适的句子通常会遭到reviewer的置疑。 1)如果观点不是这篇文章最新提出的,通常要用 we confirm that. 2)对于自己很自信的观点,可用 we believe t
7、hat. 3)在更通常的情况下,由数据推断出一定的结论, 用, results indicate, infer, suggest, imply that. 4) 在及其特别的情况才可以用we put forward (discover, observe.) . for the first time. 来强调自己的创新。 5) 如果自己对所提出的观点不完全肯定,可用 we tentatively put forward (interpret this to.) or the results may be due to (caused by)/ attributed to / resulted f
8、rom. or it seems that . can account for (interpret) this. 要注意这些结构要合理搭配。如果通篇是类型1)和5),那这篇文章的意义就大打折扣。如果全是2),肯定会遭到置疑。所以要仔细分析自己成果的创新性以及可信度。 3. 连接词与逻辑 写英文论文最常见的一个毛病就是文章的逻辑不清楚。解决的方法有: 1)句子上下要有连贯,不能让句子之间独立 常见的连接词语有,also, in addition, afterwards, moreover, furthermore, further, however, although, unlike, in
9、contrast, unfortunately, similarly, alternatively, parallel results, compared with other results, in order to, despite, for example consequently, thus, therefore. 用好这些连接词,能够使观点表达得有层次,更加明确。 比如,如果叙述有时间顺序的事件或者文献, 最早的文献可用aa advocated it for the first time. 接下来,可用then bb further demonstrated that. 再接下来,可
10、用afterwards, cc. 如果还有,可用more recent studies by dd. 如果叙述两种观点,要把它们截然分开 aa put forward that. in contrast, bb believe or unlike aa, bb suggest or on the contrary (表明前面的观点错误,如果只是表明两种对立的观点,用in contrast), bb. 如果两种观点相近,可用 aa suggest . similarly ( alternatively), bb. or also, bb or bb also does 表示因果或者前后关系,可用
11、 consequently, therefore, as a result, 表明递进关系,可用furthermore, further, moreover, in addition, 当写完一段英文,最好首先检查一下是否较好地应用了这些连接词。 2) 段落的整体逻辑 经常我们要叙述一个问题的几个方面。这种情况下,一定要注意逻辑结构。 首先第一段要明确告诉读者你要讨论几个部份 .therefore, there are three aspects of this problem have to be addressed. the first question involves. the sec
12、ond problem relates to the third aspect deals with. 上面的例子可以清晰地把观点逐层叙述。 or, 可以直接用first, second, third. finally,. 当然,furthermore, in addition等可以用来补充说明。 4. 正文部份的整体结构 小标题是比较好的方法把要讨论的问题分为几个片段。 一般第一个片段指出文章最为重要的数据与结论。补充说明的部份可以放在最后一个片段。 一定要明白文章的读者会分为多个档次。文章除了本专业的专业人士读懂以外,一定要想办法能让更多的外专业人读懂。所以可以把讨论部份分为两部份,一部份
13、提出观点,另一部份详细介绍过程以及论述的依据。这样专业外的人士可以了解文章的主要观点,比较专业的讨论他可以把它当成黑箱子,而这一部份本专业人士可以进一步研究。 5. 关于abbreviation 如果文章用了很多的abbreviation, 两种方法加以解决 1) 在文章最好加上个appendix,把所有abbreviation列表 2) 在不同的页面上,不时地给出abbreviation的含义,用来提醒读者。 总之,写文章的目的是要让读者读懂,读得清晰,并且采取各种措施方便于读者。 5. discussion 部分 5. 1时态 (a) 指出结果在哪些图表中列出,常用一般现在时。如:figu
14、re 2 shows the variation in the temperature of the samples over time. (b) 叙述或总结研究结果的内容为关于过去的事实,所以通常采用过去时。after flights of less than two hours, 11% of the army pilots and 33% of the civilian pilots reported back pain. (c) 对研究结果进行说明或由其得出一般性推论时,多用现在时。the higher incidence of back pain in civilian pilots
15、 may be due to their greater accumulated flying time. (d) 不同结果之间或实验数据与理论模型之间进行比较时,多采一般现在时(这种比较关系多为不受时间影响的逻辑上的事实)。these results agree well with the findings of smith, et al. 6. 讨论部份包括什么内容? 6.1 主要内容 1) 主要数据特征的总结 2) 主要结论以及与前人观点的对比 3) 本文的不足 第三点,在一般作者看来不可取。事实上给出文章的不足恰恰是保护自己文章的重要手段。如果刻意隐藏文章的漏洞,觉得别人看不出来,是非
16、常不明智的。 所谓不足,包括以下内容:【篇二:专业英语文章】 一、实验室培养鉴别微生物 millions of microbial species populate the world, but so far only a few have been identified due to the inability of most microbes to grow in the laboratory. edgar goluch, an engineer, and slava epstein, a biologist, aim to change this. the pair, both rese
17、archers at northeastern university, has developed a device that allows scientists to cultivate a single species of bacteria that can then be studied and identified. goluchs previous research devices incorporated permeable(有渗透性的) membranes1 that allow sequestered2 bacteria to be exposed to the nutrie
18、nts3 and molecules4 of their native environment. but natural competition between species, even in the wild, has so far limited the number of species of bacteria that biologists have been able to isolate5 with these methods and in traditional lab settings. goluch and epsteins device, detailed6 in a p
19、aper released july 1 in the journal plos one, solves this problem. this new device permits just a single bacterial7 cell to enter an inner chamber8 containing a food source, to which the only access is a microscopic9 passageway just slightly narrower than a single cell. the passageway is so small th
20、at the first cell to enter it gets stuck, blocking entry by any other cell or species. once inside, this cell pro-liferates as in previous devices, and when it does it fills up the inner chamber with a pure, single-species sample, since it is isolated10 from competition from other species. in the pa
21、per, the team demonstrates the devices ability to separate mixtures of cell types in a laboratory setting. in one experiment, the researchers separated two different bacterial species whose cells are slightly different sizes - e. coli and p. aueruginosa. in a second experiment, they isolated a combi
22、nation of similarly sized but differently shaped species that commonly show up together in the marine11 environment - roseobacter sp. and pscyhoserpens sp. finally, they used the device to separate cells of the same species that had been differentially tagged to glow either red or green. this final
23、experiment validates12 the hypothesis that the cells grown inside the food chamber are daughters of the single cell caught in the entryway. epstein will test the devices in the biological setting beginning this month during a research trip to greenland. going forward, funding from an instrument deve
24、lopment biological research grant from the national science foundation will enable goluch and his team of engineers to begin optimizing13 the device and its manufacture on a larger scale. 1 membranes n.(动物或植物体内的)薄膜( membrane的名词复数 );隔膜;(可起防水、防风等作用的)膜状物 参考例句: the waste material is placed in cells with
25、 permeable membranes. 废液置于有渗透膜的槽中。 the sarcoplasmic reticulum is a system of intracellular membranes. 肌浆网属于细胞内膜系统。2 sequestered adj.扣押的;隐退的;幽静的;偏僻的v.使隔绝,使隔离( sequester的过去式和过去分词 );扣押 the jury is expected to be sequestered for at least two months. 陪审团渴望被隔离至少两个月。 everything he owned was sequestered. 他的
26、一切都被扣押了。 3 nutrients n.(食品或化学品)营养物,营养品( nutrient的名词复数 ) 参考例句: a lack of essential nutrients 基本营养的缺乏 nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. 营养素被吸收进血液。 来自简明英汉词典 4 molecules 分子( molecule的名词复数 ) the structure of molecules can be seen under an electron microscope. 分子的结构可在电子显微镜下观察到。 inside the react
27、or the large molecules are cracked into smaller molecules. 在反应堆里,大分子裂变为小分子。 5 isolate vt.使孤立,隔离 do not isolate yourself from others.不要把自己孤立起来。 we should never isolate ourselves from the masses.我们永远不能脱离群众。 6 detailed adj.详细的,详尽的,极注意细节的,完全的 he had made a detailed study of the terrain.他对地形作了缜密的研究。 a de
28、tailed list of our publications is available on request.我们的出版物有一份详细的目录备索。 8 chamber n.房间,寝室;会议厅;议院;会所 for many,the dentists surgery remains a torture chamber.对许多人来说,牙医的治疗室一直是间受刑室。 the chamber was ablaze with light.会议厅里灯火辉煌。 9 microscopic adj.微小的,细微的,极小的,显微的 its impossible to read his microscopic handwriting.不可能看清他那极小的书写字迹。 a plants lungs are the microscopic pores in its leaves.植物的肺就是其叶片上微细的气孔。 10 isolated adj.与世
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