1、过去完成进行时had been doing将 来将来一般时will do将来完成时will have done将来进行时will be doing将来完成进行时will have been doing过去将来过去将来一般时would do过去将来完成时would have done过去将来进行时would be doing过去将来完成进行时would have been doing【注】构成时态的助动词be (is, am, are), have (has), shall, will 等需根据主语的变化来选择。英语基础语法:一般现在时一、构成一般现在时除主语是第三人称单数时谓语动词要加s外,一
2、律用动词原形。二、用法一般现在时表示经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语every day, usually, always, often, sometimes, on Sunday等连用。如:I go to school at 6 every morning. 每天早上我七点去上学。一般现在时表示客观存在及普遍真理。Summer follows spring. 春天之后是夏天。The sun rises in the east. 太阳从东方升起。注意:此种用法即使出现在过去的语境中,仍用一般现在时。I learned that the earth goes around the su
3、n when I was in primary school. 我在小学就学过地球是围绕太阳转的。一般现在时表示格言或警句。Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。一般现在时表示目前的情况或状态。I am a teacher. 我是教师。Peter writes good Chinese but does not speak well. 彼得汉语写得不错,讲的可不行。以here, there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。There goes the bell. = The bel
4、l is ringing. 铃响了。在下列情况下表示将来:1. 在状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。I will give it to him as soon as I see him. 我一看见他就交给他。He will come if you invite him. 如果你请他,他会来的。Suppose he doesnt agree,what shall we do?假如他不同意,那怎么办?I shall do as I please. 我高兴怎么做就怎么做。He will continue the work no matter what happens. 不管发生什么情况他都要继续
5、这项工作。2. 在the morethe more (越越) 句型中,前者通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时,因为前者相当于条件状语从句。The harder you study, the better results you will get. 你学习越努力,成绩就会越好。3. 在make sure (certain) , see to it, mind, care, matter后的宾语从句的谓语动词用一般现在时代替一般将来时。See to it that you are not late again. 注意别再迟到了(from )。4. 表示按计划或时间表将要发生的动作,通常有表示将来的时间
6、状语。The plane takes off at 11:30 and arrives in Shanghai at l:20. 飞机十一点半起飞,一点二十分抵达上海。注:只限于少数动词能这样用,如 begin, start, , end, finish, stop, go, come, leave, sail, arrive, return, close, open 等。一般过去时一、构成方法一般过去时用动词的过去式构成,即在动词原形后加ed。二、用法说明表示在过去某个时间所发生的动作或所处的状态。常与yesterday, last week, in 1989, just now, a mo
7、ment ago, the other day等连用。He was here just now. 他刚才还在这里。What did you do yesterday? 你昨天做了什么事?在过去一段时间内的经常性或习惯性动作。We often played together when we were children. 我们小时候常在一起玩。表示过去经常发生的动作还可用used to 和would。He used to smoke a lot, but he doesnt now. 他过去经常抽烟,但现在不抽了。Whenever we were in trouble, he would help
8、 us. 每当我们遇到困难,他都会帮助我们。表示主语过去的特征或性格。At that time she was very good at English. 那时她英语学得很好。用在状语从句中表示过去将来。He said he would wait until they came back. 一般过去时有时可以表示现在,多与 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等动词连用,使语气更委婉。I wondered if you could help me. 不知你能不能帮我一下。有时用一般过去时也是时态一致的需要。I didnt know you were here.
9、没想到你在这里。1. 表示一系列的动作,尽管有先后,都用一般过去时,最后两个动词之间用and连结。He opened the door, rushed out and then disappeared. 他打开门,冲了出去,然后就消失了。2. 注意在语境中理解“我刚才/原来还不”。Your phone number again? I didnt quite catch it. Its 2566666. 请再说一次你的电话号码,好吗?我刚才没听清楚。是2566666。现在进行时由 am/is/are 加现在分词构成。表示此时此刻或现阶段正在进行的动作。Theyre having a meetin
10、g. 他们在开会。Im studying at an evening school. 我在上夜校。表示计划或安排好了的将来动作,常与一个表示将来的时间状语连用。Mike is coming home on Thursday. 迈克星期四回来。Theyre having a party next week. 下星期他们将开一个晚会。表示安排将要做的事,人作主语宜用现在进行时,事物作主语,宜用一般现在时。试比较:Im not going out this evening. 今晚我不准备出去。(不宜说I dont) The concert starts at 7: 30. 音乐会七点半开始。现在进行
11、时与always, often, forever等连用表示赞扬、厌烦等语气。Youre always interrupting me! 你老打断我的话!(抱怨) My father is always losing his car keys. 我爸老丢车钥匙。(不满) Shes always helping people. 她老是帮助别人。(赞扬) 现在进行时在时间和条件状语从句中,代替过去将来时。He promised to buy me a computer if he got a raise. (from )像 be, think, understand, love, have, own
12、, see, hear, find, belong to 等静态动词通常不用于进行时。过去进行时由 was/were 加现在分词构成。表示在过去某一时刻或某一阶段正在发生的动作。What were you doing this time yesterday? 昨天这个时候你在做什么?During the summer of 1999 she was travelling in Europe. 1999年夏天她在欧洲旅行。表示过去将来,多用于go, come, leave, start, take off等动词。He said he was leaving for home in a day o
13、r two. 他说他一两天之内就动身回家了。表示过去的经常动作,常与always,forever等连用,略带感*彩。She was always thinking of others. 她老是想到别人。She was forever complaining. 她老是抱怨。(厌烦) 表示某个短暂性动作发生的背景。如果主句谓语和从句谓语都发生在过去,动作时间长的用过去进行时,表达谈话背景;动作时间短的用一般过去时,表达新的信息。I was reading the newspaper when the doorbell rang. 我正在看报,突然门铃响了。Jim burnt his hand wh
14、en he was cooking the dinner. 吉姆做饭时把手烫了。I met Diana while I was shopping this morning. 我今早买东西时碰到了戴安娜。表示两个同时持续的动作。I was doing my homework while he was listening to music. 我在做作业而他在听音乐。过去进行时可以表示客气的语气。I was wondering if you could give me a lift. 不知我可否顺便搭你的车英语的将来进行时由 will be doing 构成。将来进行时表示在将来某个时间正在发生的动
15、作。At this time tomorrow, Ill be taking a test. 明天这时我会在考试。This time next week Ill be lying on the beach. 下星期这个时候我就会躺在沙滩上了。Dont phone me between 7 and 8 p. m. Well be having dinner then. 七八点钟之间别来电话,那时我们会在吃晚饭。将来进行时表示安排将要做的事,与现在进行时有时可互换。Well be spending the winter in Australia. 我们将在澳大利亚过冬。Were spending
16、the winter in Australia. 为避免will给人误以为是表示“意愿”的情态动词,口语中表示单纯的将来时常用将来进行时。Mary wont pay this bill. 玛丽不肯付这笔钱。(表示意愿) Mary wont be paying this bill. 不会由玛丽来付钱。(单纯谈未来情况) 一般将来时一、用法一般将来时表示将来发生的事。常与tomorrow, next year等时间状语连用。二、构成通常有以下七种方式表示将来,注意它们各自的区别。由 will 加动词原形构成,当主语是第一人称时,也可以用 shall 加动词原形。Telephone me this
17、evening. Ill be at home. 今晚给我打电话,我会在家。Ill (shall/will) do a better job next time. 下次我要干得好些。1. will还可用来表示同意或“不能”。Come and see me tomorrow. Yes,I will. 明天来找我。好的。一Dont be late. 一No,I wont. 别来晚了。不会晚的。The car wont start. 车开不了啦。Oil and water will not mix. 油和水没法混在一起。2. 表示临时的决定,只能用 will 加动词原形。Youve left the
18、 light on. 你忘记关灯了。Oh, so I have. Ill go and turn it off. 啊!那我去关。3. 在“祈使句+and/or+陈述句”句型中,陈述句中只能用will或情态动词加动词原形。Work hard, and you will pass the exam. 努力学习,你就会通过考试。4. 在条件句中表示将来不用will,而用一般现在时、be going to(打算) 或be to(为人所控制的动作) 等。若你见到在条件句中用了will,那 will 就是表示“愿意”的情态动词。Let her do that if she will. 如果她愿意,就让她那
19、样做。am/is/are going to 加动词原形,表示主语的意图或打算将来做的事。What are you going to do tomorrow? 你打算明天做什么呢?The play is going to be produced next month. 这出戏下月开播。已有迹象表明将要发生的事,只能用am/is/are加动词原形。Look at the dark clouds; its going to rain. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。be to加动词原形,仅用于表示正式的公务安排、公告指示、义务、禁止等。Youre to deliver these flowers befor
20、e 10. 你在10点钟之前把这些花送去。You are to (=should) report to the police. 你应该报警的。Youre not to (=mustnt) tell him anything about our plans. 你不要把我们的计划透露给他。1. 这与不定式作表语不同:My idea is to go there today. 我的意思是今天就去那里。2. be to强调客观安排或受人指示而做某事,be going to则强调主观的打算或计划。be about to加动词原形,表示即将或马上要做某事。He is about to leave for
21、Beijing. 他马上要去北京。be about to do不能与表示将来时间的状语连用。am/is/are on the point of加动词的-ing形式,表示“就要”做某事,也不能与表示将来的时间状语连用。Look! Theyre on the point of starting! 看!他们就要开始了!一般现在时表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。现在进行时表示将来,主要用于go, come, leave, start等表示去向的短暂性动词。Im leaving tomorrow.
22、明天我要走了。过去将来时过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的事情。过去将来时由would, was/were going to, was/were to was/were about to等加动词原形构成, 也可由was/were on the point of加动名词构成。I knew you would agree. 我知道你会同意的。I said I would arrange everything. 我说我来安排一切。在过去将来时中,所有人称都用would,尤其在口语中。只有个别情况才用should。We knew we should win. 我知道我们会赢。I told her
23、 that I was leaving soon. 我告诉她我们很快就要离开。 We were to have been married last year. 我们本来打算去年结婚的。When we arrived, the train was just going to start. 我们到达时,火车正要启动。I was about to leave when the telephone rang. 我正在离开,电话铃响了。I was on the point of going when you came in. 我正要出去你来了。The talk was due to last for t
24、hree days. 会谈将进行三天。由 have 加动词的过去分词构成,主语是第三人称单数时,要将 have 改为 has。表示到现在为止已发生或完成的动作,其结果的影响现在依然存在。有时与just, already, yet, recently, before, twice, three times等时间状语连用,如:I have seen the film already. 我已经看过那部电影了。(现在我知道电影的内容了。) Have you seen my bag? 你看到我的手提包了吗? (你知道它在哪里? ) 1. 现在完成时不与yesterday, last week, two
25、days ago, in1983, just now, when等表示具体的过去时间的状语连用。2. 一般过去时只强调在过去发生过某事或关注的是动作发生的时间、地点、方式等;而现在完成时则强调过去的动作对现在的影响,因此,若现在影响并不存在时就不能用现在完成时了。如说I have closed the door. 那门现在也是关着的,若被风吹开了,就只能说I closed the door. 了。表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态。常与“since+时间点”,“for+时间段”,及how long, (ever) since, ever, before, so far, in t
26、he last /past few years, up to now, till now等时间状语连用。She has been a dancer for ten years. 她已当了十年的舞蹈演员了。Weve planted thousands of trees in the past few years. 过去几年我们种了成千上万棵树。So far there has been no bad news. 到现在为止还没有什么坏消息。Theyve lived here since 1989. 从1989年起他们就在这里住了。I saw Julia in April and I havent
27、 seen her since. 我四月见到朱莉娅,从那之后就没见到她了。非延续性动词 leave, arrive, come, go, return, join, die, buy, borrow 等的完成时,在肯定句中不能与 for 或 since 等引导的时间段连用。但其在否定式是可与这类时间状语连用的。I havent met him for two years. 我两年没有遇见他了。用于This/That/It is the first(second) time that句型中。It is the first time that I have visited your beautif
28、ul city. 这是我第三次参观这个美丽的城市了。用于This/That/It is +the+形容词最高级+名词+that句型中。Thats the most interesting book Ive ever read. 这是我看过的最有意思的书。由 had 加动词的过去分词构成。 表示在过去某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作,即“过去的过去”。She said she had never been to Paris. 她说她从未去过巴黎。When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时,小偷们早就跑了。By the t
29、ime he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年,爱迪生开始自己谋生。过去完成时是一种相对时态,一定要有一个作参照的过去时间或过去动作作比较,否则,就不能用过去完成时。但下列3种情况虽然有是先后发生的两个过去动词,却同用一般过去时:1. 先后发生的一系列动作,但并不强调先后时,最后两个动词用then,and,but 等连接。On Saturday afternoon, Mrs Green went to the market, bought some bananas and visited her cousin. 星期下午,格林夫人去了市场,买了些香蕉,然后去看望了她的表姐。2. 两个动作是紧接着发生的,可用一般过去时。
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