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1、3. 表示一类事物的总称的名词,不能加-s ,如:machinery, furniture, equipment, technology, luggage, baggage, homework, evidence 4. 一些名词单数和复数形式表达不同的意思,如:chicken鸡肉 / chickens小鸡; fish鱼肉 / fishes( fish )各种鱼; paper纸 / papers试卷; water水 / waters水域,room空间/ rooms房间 5. 只有复数形式的名词,如:glasses (眼镜),trousers, clothes,scissors等,注意加单位名词的

2、用法:a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 6. 一些名词形式上虽是单数,但表示的是复数含义,如:people , police, cattle, staff, public, the +adj., the + 分词;(表示一类人) 7. 以复数形式出现,表达复数含义,如:belongings, surroundings, earnings, savings, shoes, socks, goods, thanks, congratulations, funds, pains, arms, troops 8. 集合名词看成一个整体时,谓语用单数,若侧

3、重各个成员,则用复数,如:audience,class,couple,crowd,family,group,government,publicThe average family is a great deal smaller than it used to be. My family are going with me. 9. 单复数同形的名词,如:fish, deer, sheep, youth, Chinese, Japanese, means, species, crossroads, series, works, li(里), yuan(元), mu(亩)等How many deer

4、 are there in Dafeng now?10. 合成名词构成复数时,通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数,如果没有主体名词,则将最后一个部分变为复数,如:sons-in-law, passers-by, story-tellers, breakfasts, housewives11. 不规则名词的“数”,如:woman -women, child-children, ox -oxen, tooth -teeth, goose -geese, foot -feet, mouse -mice, phenomenon-phenomena, analysis-analyses, 12 .专有名

5、词的“数”,如:史密斯一家人 the Smiths 两个玛丽 two Marys 13. 非名词类词汇的“数”,如:缩写,数字,字母的复数常用加s的方法来构成 three as; two buts; in ones twenties; in the 1980s(1980s) Nothing is in good order but at sixes and sevens. 乱七八糟 You mightnt as well use so many ands in your conversation. 14. 注意以下名词为不可数名词:advice, baggage, change(零钱), eq

6、uipment, furniture, fun ,hair, homework, information, luggage, money, news, progress, traffic.二、 名词所有格 英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格, 1. 单数名词词尾加,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加,如:the boys bag 男孩的书包,mens room 男厕所。2. 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加 the workers struggle工人的斗争。3. 复合名词和短语的所有格在最后的词后面加s, 如: her brother-in-laws bike

7、, someone elses keys a day or twos rest 4. 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有s,则表示分别有;只有一个s,则表示共有。Johns and Marys rooms(两间)John and Marys room(一间) 5. 在表示店铺或教堂,诊所的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常省略它所修饰的名词,如:在诊所at the doctors 在我姐家at my sisters 6. 双重所有格,of +名词s 结构表示全体中的一部分,如:a friend of my fathers , works of Lu Xun注意:当of 之前的名词是picture,

8、 portrait等词时含义不同 This is a picture of my friends. 这是我朋友收藏的一幅画 This is a picture of my friend. 这是我朋友的一张照片 三. 名词作定语 1. 一般用单数形式,如: a stone bridge, a meeting room, morning exercises, a shoe shop2. 个别名词用复数作定语,sports, sales, clothes, goods, arts, customs等,如:sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 a

9、 goods train 货车 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系customs house海关3. man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。a woman teacher, men workers, women teachers, gentlemen officials 4. 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。two-dozen eggs两打鸡蛋 a ten-mile walk 十英里路 two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year pl

10、an.一个五年计划二、冠 词一、不定冠词(a/an) 1. 泛指某一类人或事物,相当于any。A square has four sides.2. 用于某些物质名词前。a coffee 一杯咖啡; a tea 一杯茶;a heavy rain 一场大雨; a strong wind 一种强烈的信念 3. 用于专有名词前表示某一个。a Mr. Green ; 一位格林先生a Mary; a Shakespeare of China 中国的莎士比亚 4. 用于某些固定结构中。once upon a time , have a rest , take a bath , in a hurry , al

11、l of a sudden , as a matter of fact , Its a pity that . 5. 用于双重修饰结构中:so / as / that / too / how + adj. + a / an + n. 。He is so good a teacher that all of us like him6. 冠词放在quite, many, such, what等词之后。It is such an unusual work of art that everyone wants to have a look at it7. 用在事物的“单位”前,如价格、速度、比率的名词

12、前,表示“每一”。Take this medicine three times a day.8. 用于同源宾语中:die a death ; dream a dream ; fight a fight ; sleep a sleep; live/lead a life;smile a smile 二、定冠词(the) 1. 特指某人或物,用于区别同类中的其他人或事物。Is this the book you are looking for?2. 特指世界上独一无二的事物或自然现象。但space表示“太空”,nature表示“大自然”,均不能与冠词连用;但具体的天体前通常加定冠词。the sta

13、rs,the moon,the sun,the universe等。3. 双方都知道或者在文中第二次提及的人或事物。We are living a happy life. The life we are living is happy. 4. 用于表示方位的名词前。the east, the left, the south5. 用于序数词或形容词的最高级之前,以及对两人或事物进行对比时起特定作用的比较级前。the tallestboyHe is the taller of the two brothers.6. in + the + 数词复数式。in the early 1920s 7. th

14、e + 比较级 + , the + 比较级 + :; 越; 就越 。 The harder you study English, the more progress you will make.8. the +姓氏复数:如the Greens, 格林一家 9. the + adj.; the + 分词。the rich 富人; the living 生者; the sick 病人;the unemployed 失业者; the ugly 丑的东西10.by the + 单位名词。如by the hour,按小时计 11.v. + sb. + prep. + the +人体各部位。 A ston

15、e hit John on the head. 12.play + the + 乐器名称。play the piano.弹钢琴. 13.用在惯用语中。例如:in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening),the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday,the next morning, in the sky (water,field,country) in the dark,in the rain,in the distance, in the middle (of),in the end, on t

16、he whole,by the way,go to the theatre三、零冠词:1. 零冠词的基本用法:一般性的泛指,甚至表抽象意义。2. 复数可数名词、不可数名词前不用冠词,表示泛指;Horses are useful animals. (思考: A horse is useful. / The horse is a useful animal) 3. 称呼语或表示头衔的名词前不用冠词;We made him president of USA. Whos this, Mother?4. 球类运动、棋类运动和“三餐”前不用冠词;Have you had supper?5. 表示季节、月份

17、,星期或含day表节日的名词前不用冠词;March, Christmas, Womens Day (但是:the Spring Festival ) 6. 前面已经有人称代词、指示代词或不定代词作定语的名词前不用冠词;his book; that cat; any people 7. 在交通工具、学科名称的名词前不加冠词。by car, by bus, by bike, by train, on foot ,Chinese, English literature8. 某些习语,固定短语或固定结构中不用冠词。husband and wife, knife and fork, face to fa

18、ce, side by side to church, at home, at night, at school, go to school, in hospital, at table Child as he is, he knows a lot of English. At last, she turned doctor. (但是:She became a doctor.) 三、代词代词是用来指代人或事物的词。代词分为九类:人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、相互代词、指示代词疑问代词、不定代词、连接代词、关系代词。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的作用。连接代词和关系代词本章不做将讲解,参见其它章节

19、。一人称代词人称代词的人称、数和格,如下表所示。单数复数主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称you第三人称hesheithimhertheythem(1).人称代词作主语用主格,作宾语、表语用宾格,但应注意以下4中情况:作主语的人称代词如果孤立地使用于无谓语动词的句子中,或在这种句子中与动词不定式连用,常用宾格。Does any of you know where Tom lives? Me.What! Me (to)play him at chess? No!句子中代词作宾语或宾语补足语时,与所替代的名词在人称、数和格在意义上一般要保持前后一致。The thief was thought

20、to be he.(the thief是主格,故用he代替)They took me to be her.他们误以为我是她。(me是宾格,故用her替代)在比较级的句子中than、as后用主格、宾格都可以。He is taller than me(I).但在下列句中有区别。I like Jack as much as her.=I like both Jack and her.I like Jack as much as she.=I like Jack and she likes him, too.(2).两个以上的人称代词并列,其次序排列原则为:在并列主语中,“I”总是放在最后,排列顺序为

21、:二 三 一(人称)。宾格me也一样。You ,she and I will be in charge of the case.第三人称,男女两性并用,男先女后。He and she still dont agree to the plan.(3)几个人称代词的特殊用法。we/you(口语)常用来泛指一般人。she可以代表国家、船只、大地、月亮等。The “Titanic”was the largest, wasnt she?二.物主代词表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性形容词性物主代词名词性物主代词mymineyouryourshishersitsourours

22、theirtheirs.形容词性物主代词的作用相当于形容词,可在句中作定语。用作主语、宾语和表语。 Our school is here, and theirs is there.(作主语) Ive already finished my homework. Have you finished yours? (作宾语)三.反身代词反身代词可以作主语、宾语、表语或宾语的同位语。反身代词和某些动词连用,构成固定短语。enjoy oneself, feel oneself, make oneself at home, help oneself to 反身代词还可用于某些成语中。for oneself

23、为自己或独立地,of oneself自然地,自动地by oneself独自地,in oneself本身性质。四.相互代词(each other, one another)相互代词无人称、数和格的区别,在句中作宾语。其所有格分别为each others 、one anothers ,作定语。一般来说,each other指两者之间,one another指三者或三者以上之间,但现在区分已不明显。五.指示代词(this, that , these, those, such, same)指示代词具有形容词和代词两种词性,在句子中可以作主语、宾语、定语或表语等。.指示代词this和that的区别。th

24、is (these)一般指时间或空间上较近的人或物;that(those)常指时间或空间较远的人或物。 This is my desk and that is yours. In those days they could not go to school.this常指后面要讲到的事物,有启下的作用;that则指前面讲到过的事物,有承上的作用。 I want to tell you this:the English party will be held on Saturday afternoon. He hurt his leg yesterday. Thats why he didnt co

25、me.this在电话用语中作自我介绍,that询问对方;this和that可以当副词用,意思相当于副词so。 You have changed that much.such和same的用法。such指“这样的”人或事,在句中作主语或定语。 Such was the story. We have never seen such a tall building.same指“同样的”人或事,其前面要用定冠词the,在句中作主语、表语、宾语和定语. The same can be said of the other article.另一篇文章也是同样的情况。(主语) Whether he can do

26、 it or not,it is all the same to me.他是否能做这事,对我来说都一样。(表语)六.疑问代词(who,whom,which,what,whose).疑问代词在句中作主语、宾语、定语和表语。who was her husband? (主语)What do you want?.which与who、whatwhich表示在一定范围内,而who、what则无此限制。 I found two books on the desk.Which is yours?.注意下列疑问词的使用与汉语的差别。七 .不定代词不定代词主要有:all、each、every、both、eithe

27、r、neither、one、none、little、few、many、much、other、another、some、any、no等。还有由some、any、no和every构成合成代词,不定代词具有名词和形容词的性质,并有可数和不可数之分,在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、同位语、定语、状语等,但every、no只能作定语。下面介绍几组主要不定代词的用法与区别。.some与any一般用法:some、any可与可数名词单数、复数及不可数名词连用。some一般用于肯定句,any多用于疑问句、否定句或条件句。 He has some Chinese paintings.(定语) Some like sports,while others like music.(主语) Ask me if you have any questions.(定语) I dont know any of the students.(

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