第二部分阅读理解A部分命题的特点和规律Word下载.docx

1、（5）根据上下文推测生词的词义；（6）理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系；（7）理解作者的意图、观点或态度；（8）区分论点和论据。2 阅读理解A部分命题的基本原则试题质量的优劣关系到考试是否达到预期目的，因此命制试题是整个考试的中心环节。命题小组在命制试题时必须遵循以下基本原则：（1）试题应该严格按照考试大纲的要求进行命题，即按照考试大纲规定的评价目标和试卷结构进行命题。命题内容不超过大纲的评价目标，题型和题量也要严格按照大纲的规定。在选取阅读理解A部分的文章时，要注意文章的选材范围和难度，力图让考生在充分理解文章的基础上对问题做出正确的回答，同时要使试题具有适当的难度和较高的效度、信度和

2、区分度。（2）试题指向性必须清楚、准确、周密，易于理解，不出怪题、偏题。试题应该无科学性错误和避免不健康的、带有各种偏见的语言材料。答案要明确、合理、惟一。（3）在命制阅读理解A部分试题时，应该特别注意以下四个方面：第一，必须以考查获得信息为目的，不以考查语法或词汇为目的。当然考查考生通过上下文猜测词义的能力还是必要的。第二，应该避免出只根据一般常识而不用阅读文章就能得出答案的题目。第三，以考查文章提供的主信息为重点，考查考生挖掘文章中的信息能力为目的，命制考查多种层次、多种范畴信息的题目。第四，考查点对语言材料内容的覆盖面应该尽可能全面，这是阅读理解A部分试题命制的最重要的原则。（4）题干和

3、选项的命制应该遵循的几个原则如下：首先，关于题干的命制。第一，题干应仅描述一个单一的问题，最好是一个问句或一个不完全的陈述句。题干和选项皆不宜过长，都要简洁、清楚，考点明确，尽量减少不必要的词语。在各选项中共同使用的文字或术语应该反映在题干上。第二，题干和选项中不应含有与所考查内容无关的材料。尽量避免在题干中使用否定词。一旦在题干中出现了否定词，应该特别予以强调，如用黑体或者全大写。第三，题干与正确选项应避免使用相同的修饰词语，以防给考生提供选择答案的线索。第四，题干与每一个选项的搭配都应该在逻辑上、形式上、语气上完整无缺。命制试题时不能只留心题干与正确选项的搭配和表述，而忽视与干扰项的搭配，

4、使考生得到暗示。各选项必须互不包容，否则，他们间的逻辑关系就会暗示正确选项，而使该题失去其应有的效度。其次，关于备选项的命制。第一，各选项的长度、难度和语言结构应该大致相同。因为如果在命制这类试题时，命题者为使正确项绝对正确，致使其长度或结构异于其他选项，那么这些有异选项往往会成为考生乱猜的对象。第二，各干扰项要有迷惑性，才能起到适当的干扰作用。一方面干扰项不能错得太明显，否则形同虚设，反而使考生比较容易利用排除法找到正确答案；另一方面，大部分考生都选择某一干扰项也不理想。第三，同一个题目的选项的排列应按同一原则、同一逻辑顺序、同一规律和方向进行。例如可以按照时间的先后、数值的大小等规律排列。

5、各题应该大致按从易到难的顺序排列。因为考生在临场应试时有个逐渐适应的过程。这样的排列会使他们稳定情绪，顺利进入正常的心理状态。试卷中正确选项字母序号（如A，B，C，D）出现的次数应该大致相等，这样可避免某些考生因只猜某一选项而“幸运地”获取高分的可能性。最后，关于干扰项的特点。通过对历年考研真题的分析和研究，我们总结了干扰项的如下特点：第一，看似合理，实则以偏概全、断章取义。要么利用在文章中没有提到的生活常识编造选项；要么把文章中的事实和细节当主旨，把片面的、次要的观点当成主要观点。因此考生一定要从文中找依据、找答案，“合理项”不一定就是正确选项。在主旨题和主要观点题中，应该排除细节干扰，把握

6、文章的主题。第二，偷梁换柱，张冠李戴。要么对原句中的细微处做了改动，要么截取原文中有的词语或类似的结构进行编造。要么在备选项中把因说成果、把别人的观点或作者反对的观点说成是作者的观点。因此考生要注意，过于相似的选项不一定正确，除非它的程度、范围等都与原文完全一致。考生要注意：“原词越多，对的可能性也就越小”。第三，用常规含义代替偏用词义。在英语语言中，许多词或短语存在多义的现象，考生如果只掌握其常用的基本词义是不够的。在阅读实践中，更不能用已掌握的常用词义去代替偏用词义，从而导致对词或句意的误解或费解。命题者在命制词义句意题时，就通常把要考查的词或句意的常规含义作为干扰项以麻痹考生。因此，考生

7、必须根据上下文推测其在特定语境下的含义。第四，过度引申。备选项虽然是从原文中推理引申出来的，但是却超出了文章允许的范围。考生切勿过度发挥，一切以原文为本。二、阅读理解A部分文章的选择阅读理解A部分的文章自2002年起改为四篇，每篇由四个至六个段落构成（也有例外，如：2002年第四篇共九段）。每篇的长度控制在400500个单词左右。1 题材的选取从历年试题命制的情况看，主要是西方国家尤其是美、英、加和日本等国广泛关注的社会话题和热点问题。其内容包罗万象，社会生活类文章在命题中占据了绝大部分，带有普及性质的自然科学和科技方面的文章以及商业经济文章基本上每年都会涉及。命题所选文章的题材虽然广泛，但是

8、按照一般的命题原则，题目的内容应该以不超出短文所给的为限，考生仅凭文章提供的信息就可以做出正确的判断。但是这并不意味着，宽广的知识与阅读理解A部分无关，相反，考生如果平时注意积累这方面的知识，则会大大地提高考试成绩。历年题材分配如下：2000年2009年社会生活、伦理科普商业经济历史文化教育合计149118百分比34%21%26%19%2 文章的来源所选文章多来自较新的英文资料，能很好的反映当代英语语言的特点。社会生活和文化教育的文章主要来源于：Newsweek（新闻周刊），Time（时代周刊），The Washington Post（华盛顿邮报），USA Today（今日美国），The Ti

9、mes （泰晤士报），The Guardian（卫报）和www usnews com（美国新闻在线）。科普类文章主要来源于：National Geographic（国家地理杂志），Scientific American（科学美国人），Science（科学杂志），New Scientists（新科学家）， Discovery（探索杂志），Nature（自然）。商业经济类文章主要来源于：Business Week（商业周刊），The Economist（经济学家杂志）和Wall Street Journal（华尔街杂志）。其他：Telegraph（英国电信日报），Independent（独立日报）

10、和International Herald Tribune（国际先驱论坛）。3 文章的体裁从历年命制的试题看，被选取的文章的体裁绝大多数为议论性的、评论性的和报道性的；多为分析论证的文章，很少有纯抒发情感和描写风景的文学篇章。这同攻读硕士学位研究生期间将面对的大量概括性强、抽象思维为主的材料有关。简言之，主要有论说文、说明文和新闻报道。清楚了解考研文章的体裁特点，有助于考生把握文章结构，理清作者阐述脉络，从而轻松解题。议论文的特点是：（1）写作目的是陈述观点或表明态度；（2）文章围绕一个中心展开，各个段落之间关系紧密，无论是反证还是正面论述，都分别是从不同的角度和侧面阐述这一中心；（3）每一段

11、也是围绕一个中心，段落内部句子之间关系紧密。说明文的特点是以事实为主，观点为辅。对于此类文章，细节题目较多，考生应着重把握具体信息的真伪、程度和作者的态度。三、各类题型的特点及解答技巧（一）主旨题该类题型在历年题型中出现的频率极高，每年必出。它考查了考生综合、概括、归纳和分析问题的能力，要求考生通过对文章的阅读，迅速把握文章或段落的主题中心。主旨题可分为文章主旨和段落主旨两种。命题模式如下：1 文章主旨题（1）The passage is mainly about . （2）What is the main point the author makes in the passage?（3）Wh

12、ich of the following best reflects the main idea of the passage?（4）What is the main topic for this passage?（5）The proper subject of this article is .（6）The best title for this passage might be .（7）What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as .（8）The passage was written to explain .2 段

13、落主旨题（1）From the first （2nd, 3rd, 4th，etc） paragraph, we learn that .（2）From the last （1st, 2nd，etc） paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that .（3）We learn from the first （last，etc）paragraph that .3 隐蔽的文章主旨题（1）From the passage we learn （infer） that .（2）What can be inferred from the passage?（3）What t

14、he author tries to suggest may be interpreted as .ExampleMuch of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “a touch on the brakes”, makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates

15、 and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-view mirror and a faulty steering wheel.Given all these disad

16、vantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2 3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2 5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many c

17、ountries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that Americas inflation rate would average 3 5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2 6% in August, and is expected to averag

18、e only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.Economis

19、ts have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially Americas, have little productive slack. Americas capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this

20、year, and its jobless rate （5 6% in August） has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemploymentthe rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that p

21、owerful structural changes in the world have up-ended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.（1997年 Passage 5）From the passage we learn that .A there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest ratesB economy will always follow cer

22、tain modelsC the economic situation is better than expectedD economists had foreseen the present economic situation题干问的是从整个文章可以推断出下面哪个说法，实际上是在变相地问全文的中心思想是什么。全文都在论述目前的经济形势比预想的要好很多（C选项）。第一段和第二段提到经济运行难以预测，然而近来经济形势却比往年都好。第三段首句又提到“它（指平均通货膨胀率）比多数预测者预测的数字要低”，接着通过具体数据对此观点加以说明。第四段首句也指出“经济学家对英美两国有利的通胀率特别感到诧异”

23、。4 主旨题的特点无论是在段落中还是在文章中，是明显还是隐蔽，主旨的提出主要有四种情况。（1）首段或首句开门见山指出中心或讨论的问题。The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, includi

24、ng churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australiawhere an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their partother

25、states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.（1997年 Passage 1）From the second paragraph we learn that .A the objection to euthanasia is s

26、low to come in other countriesB physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasiaC changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the lawD it takes time to realize the significance of the laws passage该段是典型的首句主旨题。以首句为段落主题句，其他各句都围绕此句展开论述。正确答案为D选项。考生若对sink in理解有困难，还可以从段落总结归

27、纳出主旨大意。（2）文章中间或段落中间给出中心。Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This near-tripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 1973 oil sh

28、ock, when prices quadrupled, and 19791980, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time? The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exp

29、orts. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now accou

30、nts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past.Rich economies are also less dependent on oil than they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of he