新编简明英语语言学教程戴伟栋版全解文档格式.docx

1、 the study of how sounds put together and used to convey meaning in communication.（语音分布和排列的规则及音节的形式） Morphology（形态学）: the study of the way in which the symbols are arranged and combined to form words. Syntax（句法学）: the study of rules in the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sente

2、nces in language. Semantics（语义学）: the study of meaning. Pragmatics（语用学）: the study of the meaning in the context of language use.B： macro-linguistics Sociolinguistics: the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with the society form the core of the branch. Psycholinguistics: the st

3、udy of language and its relation with psychology. Applied linguistics: the study of application of language to the solution of practical problems. Narrowly it is the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.3. Som

4、e important distinctions in linguistics 语言学中的重要区分A: Descriptive vs Prescriptive 描写式与规定式Descriptive: if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.Prescriptive: if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using language,

5、i.e. to tell people what should they say and what they should not say, it is said to be Prescriptive.B: Synchronic vs Diachronic 共时性和历时性Synchronic: the description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study.Diachronic: the description of a language as it changes through tim

6、e is a diachronic study.C: Speech vs writing 言语和文学 These are major media of communication.D: Langue vs parole 语言与言语（Saussure 索緖尔） Langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by the all the members of a speech community. Parole: refers to the realization of language in actual use. E: Comp

7、etence vs performance 语言能力和语言应用（Chomsky乔姆斯基） Competence: refers to a users underlying knowledge about the system of the rules. Performance: refers to the actual use in concrete situations. 乔姆斯基和索绪尔的区别：索绪尔采用的是社会学的观点，他的语言观念是社会惯例性的。乔姆斯基从心理学角度看待语言，对他而言，语言能力是每个个体的大脑特征。E: Traditional Grammar vs modern lin

8、guistics 传统语法与现代语言学 Saussure的Course in General Linguistics标志着现代语言学的开端。 区别：a: 语言学是descriptive, 传统的语法是prescriptive.b: 现代语言学认为口头语是基本的，而不是书面语。c: 现代语言学并不强迫进入一个拉丁语为基础的框架。4. The definition of language 语言的定义 Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.5.The design features o

9、f language 语言的识别特征 The design features of human language can be called design features which distinguish it from animal language system. A：Arbitrariness 任意性 There is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. B： Productivity能产性 It makes possible the construction and interpretation of new sign

10、als by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before. C： Duality二重性 Two levels: At the lower or the basic level is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless by themselves. At higher level, the sound

11、s of language can be regrouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning.D： Displacement 移位性 Language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imainged matters in the past, present or future, or in far-away places.E： Cultural transmission 文化传递 Language is

12、culturally transmitted. F： Interchangeability 互换性 Refers to man can both produce or receive the massages.6. Functions of language 语言的功能 A： main functions （1） Descriptive function（描述）: refers to convey factual information, which can be stated or denied, and even verified. （2） Expressive function（表达）:

13、 refers to emotive or attitudinal function, convey information about users feelings, preferences, prejudice, and values. （3） Social function（社会）: refers to interpersonal function, serves to establish and maintain social relations between people. Jakobson 将语言功能划分六大类：emotive, conative（意动）, referential

14、（指向）, poetic（娱乐）, phatic communication（寒暄）, and matalinguistic（元语言）.macrofunctions （1） Ideational（概念）: It is to organize the speakers or writers experience of the real or imaginary world. （2）Interpersonal（人际）: It is to indicate, establish, or maintain social relationships between people. （3） Textual

15、: It is to organize the written or spoken texts in a coherent manner, and fit the particular situation in which they are used.注意知识点：1.Onomatopoeic words（拟声词） can NOT show arbitrary nature of language.（拟声词并不能表示语言的任意性，有些拟声词和所表达的事物是有联系的。）2.聋哑人所使用的语言也是语言。3. 语言的改变并不是任意的，而是遵循社会规律的。4.语言是在人类出现一段时间后出现的。第2章 音

16、位学1. Speech organs 发音器官2. Distinction, classification and the criteria of description between constants and vowels 辅音和元音的区别、分类及描写规则3. Phonemes and allophones 音位和音位变体4. Phonological rule and distinctive features 音系规则和区别特征5. Syllable structure, stress and intonation音节结构、重音和语调语音学：语音学的定义；发音器官的英文名称；英语辅音的

17、定义、发音部位、发音方法和分类；英语元音的定义和分类、基本元音；发音语音学；听觉语音学；声学语音学；语音标记；严式标音法和宽式标音法。音系学：音系学的定义；音系学与语音学的区别；音素，音位，音位变体最小对立体，自由变体的定义；自由变体；音位对立分布与互补分布；区别性特征；超语段音位学；音节；重音（词重音，句子重音）；音高和音调。本章内容索引：1. The phonic medium of language2. Phonetics语音学 （1）The definition of phonetics （2）Three research fields（3）Organs of speech（4）Voi

18、celess sounds（5）Voiced sounds（6）Orthographic representations of speech sounds broad and narrow transcriptions（7）Classification of English speech sounds A: Definition Classification of English consonants Classification of English vowels3. Phonology （1） Relationship between phonology and phonetics （2）

19、 Phone, phonme （3） Allophone （4） Some rules in phonology Sequential rules B: Assimilation rule C: Deletion rule （5） Supra-segmental features: stress, tone, intonation stress tone intonation Phonetics: is defined as the study of the phonic medium of English language. It concerns with the sounds that

20、occur in the world languages.（2）Three research fields 三大研究领域 考点名词解释 Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学: the study of the production of speech sounds. Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学: the study of physical properties （特征）of speech sounds. Perceptual phonetics 感知语音学: refers to the perception of speech sounds. Voca

21、l organs: lungs, trachea（气管）, throat, nose, and mouth. （4） Voiceless sounds 清音 The sound produced without causing the vibration of the vocal cords（声带）.（5） Voiced sounds 浊音 The sound produced with causing the vibration of the vocal cords（声带）.（6） Orthographic representations of speech sounds broad and

22、 narrow transcriptions 语音正字表宽式和严式标音 Broad transcriptions: transcription with the letter symbols only（一般用于词典和教学） Narrow transcriptions: transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics（变音符号）. （语言学家在语言研究中使用） IPA: International Phonetic Alphabet （国际音标） 产生于19世纪末。（7）Classification of Englis

23、h speech sounds 语音的分类 a: Consonants: sounds are produced by constricting the vocal tract at some places to divert, impede or completely shut off the flow of air in the oral cavity. b: Vowels: sounds produced without obstruction, so no turbulence or a total stopping of the air in the oral cavity. in

24、terms of the manners of articulation（发音方式）: Stops（爆破音）: pb td kg 6 Fricatives（摩擦音）: /f/ /v/ / / /s/ /z/ / / h/ /r/ 8 Affricatives（塞擦音）: /t/ /d/ Liquids（清音）: /l/ /r/ Nasals（鼻音）: /m,n,/ Glides（滑音）: /w j/ in terms of place of articulation（发音部位） bilabials（双唇音）: /p b m w/ labiodentals（唇齿音）: /f v/ dentals

25、（齿音）: / alveolars（齿龈音）: /t d n l r s/ 6 palatals（腭音）: /j t d / 5 velars（软腭音）: /k g/ glottal（喉音）: /h/ the position of the tone in mouth: front, central, back, the openness of the mouth: closed semi-closed semi-open and open. c: the shape of the lips: rounded and unrounded d: the length of the vowels:

26、 tense and lax or long and short Similarity: Both concerned with the speech sounds. Differences: Approach and Focus. general nature, it is interested in all human languages. Phonology: how speech sounds form patterns and how sounds convey meanings.（2） Phone, Phoneme 考点 Phone: It is a basic unit of p

27、honetic study, a minimal sound segment that human speech can produce. But does not necessarily distinguish meaning. Phoneme: It is a basic unit of phonological study. It is an abstract collection of phonetic features which can distinguish meaning. （3）Allophone: The different realizations of the same

28、 phoneme in different phonetic environment are called allophones.（同一个音位在不同的语音环境中的实现方式被称为音位的音位变体） （1）complementary distribution: when two or more allophones of the same phoneme do not distinguish meaning and occur in different phonetic environments, then the allophones are said to be in complementary distribution.（当同一个音位的两个或两个以上的音位变体不区别意义，并且出现在不同的语音环境中，那么他们被称作处于互补分布）（2）Free variation: 如果两个音素出现在同