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高中英语一轮复习语法第22讲名词性从句文档格式.docx

1、 主语从句It was plain to everyone that she was beautiful.形式主语 真正主语(主语从句)说明:中that是连词,引导主语从句she was beautiful。that在主句从句中不作任何成分,也没有词义,that不能省略。由that引导的主语从句可改写为由it作形式主语的句子。Whether hell come (or not) hasnt been decided.他是否会来,还没定下来。 主语从句 谓语It hasnt been decided whether hell come or not.(误)It hasnt been decide

2、d if hell come.(误)If hell come hasnt been decided.中whether引导主语从句,whether在从句中不作任何成分,但有含义,意为“是否”,whether不能省略。此句中,因为主句的时态为现在时态,所以主语从句的时态不受主句的限制。由whether引导的主语从句常可改写为,即一个由it作形式主语的句子。whether引导主语从句时,不能用if代替,所以中的两个句子都是错误的。That women had not had the same opportunities as men in many fields is obvious.主语从句显然,

3、过去在许多领域中,妇女没有和男人享有同样的机遇。Whether she can get that job is still unclear.她是否能得到那份工作尚不清楚。That English is being accepted as an international language is a fact. (从句)现在进行时的被动语态 (主句)一般现在时=It is a fact that English is being accepted as an international language.英语正在作为一种国际语言被接受,这是一个事实。It is my fault that thi

4、s has happened.发生这事得怪我。2.由连接代词或连接副词引导的主语从句连接代词who,which和what,连接副词when,where,how和why以及复合连接代词whatever,whoever等,复合连接副词whenever,wherever等都可引导主语从句,它们分别在从句中担任主语、宾语和状语,不能省略。注意,翻译时,不能把它们译为疑问句。Who will take charge of the task has not been decided.重要:who是连接代词,引导主语从句,在从句中作主语,不能省略。翻译时不能把它译为疑问句。=It has not been

5、decided who will take charge of the task.谁来负责这项任务还没有决定。Which (answer) is right isnt known to us.=It isnt known to us which (answer) is right.哪一个答案是对的我们还不知道。When well start is not clear.=It is not clear when well start.我们何时出发还不清楚。Where well spend our holiday hasnt been decided.我们要去哪里度假还没决定。How a book

6、 will sell depends much on the reviewer.一本书的销售在很大程度上取决于书评作者。(重要:how是连接副词,在主语从句中作状语,不能省略。)Why he went to London is a mystery.=It is mysterious why he went to London.他为什么去伦敦是个谜。比较:由连接代词和连接副词引导的主语从句和疑问句不同,主语从句的语序是正常语序(陈述语序)。疑问句:Why(疑问副词)didnt he come here?他为什么不来这儿?主语从句:Why(连接副词)he didnt come here is no

7、t known to us.我们不知道为什么他没来这儿。what引导的主语从句有时相当于“先行词+that引导的定语从句”,表示一样东西或一件事情。who,whom,which,what可以和ever构成合成词,和what一样引导从句,ever起强调作用。由它们引导的主语从句不能用形式主语it替代,它们在句子中作成分,不能省略,语序为陈述语序。What he said(主语从句)was perfectly true.what=the thing that,在从句中作宾语,不能省略,为陈述语序,不能用疑问句语序“What did he say?”。=The thing that he said

8、was perfectly true.(the thing+that引导的定语从句)他讲的都是事实。Whoever leaves the office should tell me.whoever在从句中作主语,不能省略。=Anyone who leaves the office should tell me.无论是谁离开办公室都应该告诉我。Whichever you want is yours.你要哪一个,哪一个就是你的。whichever在从句中作宾语,不能省略,注意语序。Whatever I have is yours.我所有的一切都是你的。whatever在从句中作宾语,不能省略,注意

9、语序。引导主语从句的连接代词无论是谁(主)whoever=anyone who=no matter who无论是谁(宾)whomever=anyone whom=no matter whom无论是谁的whosever=anyone whose=no matter whose无论是哪个whichever=anything that=no matter which无论是什么whatever=no matter what2.表语从句在主从复合句中,作表语的是一个从句,这个从句就称为表语从句。表语从句可以由连词、连接代词和连接副词引导,并且不能省略。常用来引导表语从句的词that,weatherwha

10、t,whatever,who,whoever,which,whichever等My opinion is that the villager really didnt understand the policeman.我认为那位村民确实没有理解警察的意思。that在表语从句中不作成分,没有词义,不可省略,但在口语中有时可省略。Thats what we should do.这是我们的本分。what在表语从句中作宾语,不能省略,从句中的语序为陈述语序。The question is how the tiger got out of the cage.问题是老虎是怎么从笼子里出去的。how在表语从

11、句中作状语,不能省略,从句中的语序为陈述语序。That is why they decided to hold a meeting.这就是他们为什么决定要开会的原因。This is where I met Mary for the first time.这就是我第一次遇见玛丽的地方。3.宾语从句在主从复合句中,作宾语的是一个从句,这个从句就称为宾语从句。宾语从句与主语从句和表语从句一样,使用连词、连接代词和连接副词等引导。常用来引导宾语从句的词1.宾语从句的种类宾语从句在句子中可以用作动词的宾语或介词的宾语。1.动词宾语从句I was told (that) I had to cut out

12、alcohol.我被告知必须戒酒。I dont know whether/if the banks are open.我不知道银行是否营业。Joe wanted to know who bought him the gift.乔想弄清楚是谁给他买的这个礼物。Mary asked where she could find the biggest park in the city.玛丽问这座城市最大的公园在哪儿。2.介词宾语从句A.that只在expect,in和but等少数介词后引导从句作介词的宾语。We know nothing expect that Joe is from America.

13、除了知道乔是来自美国之外,我们什么都不知道。He differed from other people in that he always looked further ahead in his work.他和别人不同的是他在工作中比别人都看得远些。I could say nothing but that I was sorry.我非常抱歉。(我除了说抱歉之外,没什么可说的。B.由连接代词或连接副词引导的从句作介词的宾语。My teacher was satisfied with what I did.我的老师对我所做的一切感到满意。What we should take with us de

14、pend on where well stay.我们需要随身带什么东西,取决于我们将在什么地方停留。C.不及物动词后跟介词宾语从句。某些不及物动词后边如果跟宾语从句,常省去介词。I dont care whether he is the headmaster or not.(省略介词)我不在乎他是不是校长。如果不及物动词后跟名词、代词或动词-ing形式等作宾语,则介词不能省略。I dont care about him.我不在乎他。I insist that you should learn a second language.(省略介词)=I insist on your learning

15、a second language.(不能省略介词)我坚持让你学第二语言。D.某些形容词后跟介词宾语从句。在表示知觉、感情等的形容词如sure,afraid,glad,certain等之后,如果跟宾语从句,则省去介词。Im afraid that Ill be late.(省略介词)恐怕我要迟到了。如果形容词后跟名词、代词或动词-ing形式等作宾语,则不能省略介词。Im afraid of being late.我害怕迟到。Im sure that well win the match.(省略介词)我确信我们会赢得这场比赛。I am sure that hell win.(省略介词)=I am

16、 sure of his winning.(不能省略介词)我肯定他会赢。He is glad that you passed the exam.(省略介词)=He is glad of your passing the exam.(不能省略介词)他为你能通过考试而高兴。2.宾语从句的转换1.陈述句与宾语从句的转换陈述句转换成宾语从句的步骤:步骤:用连词that引导宾语从句。(that在从句中不担当成分,本身没有词义,可以省略)步骤:从句语序不变,仍是陈述语序。步骤:从句时态与主句时态保持一致。步骤:可用it代替that引导的宾语从句作形式宾语。陈述句:He is listening to mu

17、sic in the room.他正在屋子里听音乐。宾语从句:Joe said that he was listening to music in the room.乔说他正在屋子里听音乐。主句的时态是一般过去时,从句的时态为过去进行时。Mary always studies hare.玛丽总是努力学习。All of us know that Mary always studies hard.我们所有的人都知道玛丽总是努力学习。主句如果是一般现在时,从句的时态不变。We think it quite right that all the people ought to obey the law

18、s.形式宾语 真正的宾语所有人都应遵守法律,我们认为这是非常正确的。They took it for granted that the Greens had gone to Australia.他们想当然地认为格林夫妇去澳大利亚了。He made it clear to all the people that he objected to the plan.他让所有人都明白,他反对这项计划。I think it necessary that he does it again.我想他有必要再做一次。2.一般疑问句与宾语从句的转换一般疑问句转换成宾语从句的步骤:用whether或if引导宾语从句。

19、(它们在从句中不作任何成分,当“是否”讲,不可省略)从句语序要变为陈述语序。从句时态要与主句时态保持一致。一般疑问句:Does she work in the office?她在这个办公室工作吗?He asked me whether/if she worked in the office.主句的时态是过去式asked,宾语从句的时态也要改为过去时。=He asked me whether/if she worked in this office or not.他问我她是否在这个办公室工作。Will the movie star come?这个影星会来吗?I dont know whether

20、/if the movie star will come.主句时态是一般现在时,宾语从句的时态不变。=I dont know whether/if the movie star will come or not.我不知道这位影星是否会来。Did he study English 20 years ago?他20年前学英语吗?My mother asked him whether he had studied English 20 years before.主句时态是一般过去时,宾语从句的时态由一般过去时变为过去完成时。我母亲问他,他20年前是否学英语。3.特殊疑问句与宾语从句的转换特殊疑问句转

21、换成宾语从句的步骤:保留原来的疑问词(这些疑问词形式不变,但它们的语法功能变了,换作连接代词或连接副词,它们在宾语从句中作成分,不可以省略)。特殊疑问句:What does Joe do?乔是做什么的?I wonder what Joe does.我想知道乔是做什么的。what由原来特殊疑问句中的疑问代词变为连接代词,它把主句和宾语从句连接起来,同时,他在宾语从句中作动词does的宾语,不能省略。语序要变为陈述语序。因为主句的时态是一般现在时,所以从句的时态保持不变。Why did he come home so late yesterday?他昨天为什么回家那么晚?She asked me

22、why he had come home so late the day before.她问我,他前一天为什么回家那么晚。why由特殊疑问句中的疑问副词变为连接副词,它引导了宾语从句,同时在宾语从句中作状语,不能省略。因为主句的时态是一般过去时态,所以从句的时态也由一般过去时变为过去完成时。When would Mr.Green be allowed to go home?格林先生什么时候被允许回家?Joe asked when Mr.Green would be allowed to go home.乔问什么时候可以允许格林先生回家。What can they do to help us?他

23、们能做什么来帮助我们?We want to know what they can do to help us.我们想知道他们能做些什么来帮助我们。How did he come?他怎么来的?Do you remember how he came?你还记得他怎么来的吗?3.使用宾语从句需注意的事项1.宾语从句的时态宾语从句和其他名词性从句不同,时态会受到主句的限制,尤其是主句为一般过去时时。A.当主句是现在时态时当主句是现在时态(一般现在时、现在进行时、现在完成时)时,宾语从句的时态可根据实际情况而定(可以是任意时态)。Joe says he has read the book that day

24、.乔说他那天看了这本书了。Mary says Susan went to Shanghai the day before.玛丽说苏珊前一天去了上海。B.当主句是过去时态时当主句是过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时)时,宾语从句的时态要变为相应的过去时态(一般过去时、过去进行时、过去将来时和过去完成时)。I believed what she told me.我相信她和我说的话。Mr.White told me that he had gone there by train.怀特先生告诉我他是坐火车去那儿的。2.主句是I dont think.的宾语从句主句是I dont think.的主从复合句

25、的意思是“我认为不”。它在英语中已成为固定句型,即否定的形式在主句,而否定的信息焦点却在从句。类似的句型还有:I dont imagine.,I dont believe.,I dont suppose.等。I dont think you are right.我认为你不对。主句的主语必须是第一人称I或we时,才能用这样的句型(否定形式在主句,而否定的信息焦点却在从句)。I dont think hell go,will he?我认为他不会走,不是吗?I dont think you can do that,can you?我认为你不会干那件事,不是吗?I dont think he is l

26、azy,is he?我认为他不懒,不是吗?注意:注意该固定句型中反意疑问句的用法。3.连词that的省略that引导宾语从句时可以省略,但在连接词and或but所连接的两个作宾语的that从句中,第一个宾语从句中的that可以省略,第二个不能省略。He said (that) he has worked for nearly ten years and that he wanted to go home.他说他已在这儿工作近10年了,并说他想回家了。The little girl told me (that) she didnt like toy trains,and that she lik

27、ed barbie dolls very much.这个小女孩告诉我,她不喜欢玩具火车,并且告诉我她非常喜欢芭比娃娃。4.当主句谓语为doubt和be not sure时句型:I doubt whether/if.(我怀疑是否)I dont doubt that.(我毫不怀疑)I doubt whether he can swim.我怀疑他是否会游泳。I dont doubt that he can swim.我毫不怀疑他会游泳。Do you doubt that he can swim?你怀疑他会游泳吗?当谓语含有询问或怀疑之意,如doubt(怀疑),not sure(不确定)时,应用whether/if引导的宾语从句。而do not doubt/believe和疑问句中的doubt,则用that引导宾语从句。Im not sure+whether/if.(我不确定是否)Im sure+that.(我相信)Im not sure whether/if the news is true.我不能肯定这消息是否确切。Im not sure whether/if he can swim.我不确定他是否会游泳。Im sure that he can do it w

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