1、 Alter table tabname drop primary key(col) 8、说明:创建索引:create unique index idxname on tabname(col.) 删除索引:drop index idxname索引是不可更改的,想更改必须删除重新建。9、说明:创建视图:create view viewname as select statement 删除视图:drop view viewname10、说明:几个简单的基本的sql语句选择:select * from table1 where 范围插入:insert into table1(field1,field
2、2) values(value1,value2)删除:delete from table1 where 范围更新:update table1 set field1=value1 where 范围查找:select * from table1 where field1 like %value1% -like的语法很精妙,查资料!排序:select * from table1 order by field1,field2 desc总数:select count as totalcount from table1求和:select sum(field1) as sumvalue from table
3、1平均:select avg(field1) as avgvalue from table1最大:select max(field1) as maxvalue from table1最小:select min(field1) as minvalue from table111、说明:几个高级查询运算词 UNION 运算符 UNION 运算符通过组合其他两个结果表(例如 TABLE1 和 TABLE2)并消去表中任何重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 UNION 一起使用时(即 UNION ALL),不消除重复行。两种情况下,派生表的每一行不是来自 TABLE1 就是来自 TABLE2。
4、EXCEPT 运算符 EXCEPT 运算符通过包括所有在 TABLE1 中但不在 TABLE2 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 EXCEPT 一起使用时 (EXCEPT ALL),不消除重复行。C: INTERSECT 运算符INTERSECT 运算符通过只包括 TABLE1 和 TABLE2 中都有的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表。当 ALL 随 INTERSECT 一起使用时 (INTERSECT ALL),不消除重复行。使用运算词的几个查询结果行必须是一致的。12、说明:使用外连接 A、left (outer) join:左外连接(左连接):结果集几包括连
5、接表的匹配行,也包括左连接表的所有行。SQL: select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.cright (outer) join:右外连接(右连接):结果集既包括连接表的匹配连接行,也包括右连接表的所有行。full/cross (outer) join:全外连接:不仅包括符号连接表的匹配行,还包括两个连接表中的所有记录。12、分组:Group by: 一张表,一旦分组 完成后,查询后只能得到组相关的信息。 组相关的信息:(统计信息) count,sum,max,min,avg 分组的标准) 在SQ
6、LServer中分组时:不能以text,ntext,image类型的字段作为分组依据 在selecte统计函数中的字段,不能和普通的字段放在一起;13、对数据库进行操作: 分离数据库: sp_detach_db; 附加数据库:sp_attach_db 后接表明,附加需要完整的路径名14.如何修改数据库的名称:sp_renamedb old_namenew_name二、提升复制表(只复制结构,源表名:a 新表名:b) (Access可用)法一:select * into b from a where 11(仅用于SQlServer)法二:select top 0 * into b from a拷
7、贝表(拷贝数据,源表名:a 目标表名:insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b;跨数据库之间表的拷贝(具体数据使用绝对路径) (Access可用)insert into b(a, b, c) select d,e,f from b in 具体数据库 where 条件例子:.from b in &Server.MapPath(.)&data.mdb & where.子查询(表名1:a 表名2:b)select a,b,c from a where a IN (select d from b ) 或者: select a,b,c from a where
8、 a IN (1,2,3)显示文章、提交人和最后回复时间select a.title,a.username,b.adddate from table a,(select max(adddate) adddate from table where table.title=a.title) b外连接查询(表名1:select a.a, a.b, a.c, b.c, b.d, b.f from a LEFT OUT JOIN b ON a.a = b.c在线视图查询(表名1:a )select * from (SELECT a,b,c FROM a) T where t.a 1;between的用法
9、,between限制查询数据范围时包括了边界值,not between不包括select * from table1 where time between time1 and time2select a,b,c, from table1 where a not between 数值1 and 数值2in 的使用方法select * from table1 where a not in (值1,值2,值4,值6)两张关联表,删除主表中已经在副表中没有的信息 delete from table1 where not exists ( select * from table2 where table
10、1.field1=table2.field1 )四表联查问题:select * from a left inner join b on a.a=b.b right inner join c on a.a=c.c inner join d on a.a=d.d where .日程安排提前五分钟提醒 select * from 日程安排 where datediff(minute,f开始时间,getdate()513、说明:一条sql 语句搞定数据库分页select top 10 b.* from (select top 20 主键字段,排序字段 from 表名 order by 排序字段 des
11、c) a,表名 b where b.主键字段 = a.主键字段 order by a.排序字段具体实现:关于数据库分页: declare start int,end int sql nvarchar(600) set sql=select top+str(end-start+1)+from T where rid not in(select top+str(str-1)+Rid from T where Rid-1) exec sp_executesql sql注意:在top后不能直接跟一个变量,所以在实际应用中只有这样的进行特殊的处理。Rid为一个标识列,如果top后还有具体的字段,这样做是
12、非常有好处的。因为这样可以避免 top的字段如果是逻辑索引的,查询的结果后实际表中的不一致(逻辑索引中的数据有可能和数据表中的不一致,而查询时如果处在索引则首先查询索引)14、说明:前10条记录select top 10 * form table1 where 范围15、说明:选择在每一组b值相同的数据中对应的a最大的记录的所有信息(类似这样的用法可以用于论坛每月排行榜,每月热销产品分析,按科目成绩排名,等等.)select a,b,c from tablename ta where a=(select max(a) from tablename tb where tb.b=ta.b)16、说
13、明:包括所有在 TableA 中但不在 TableB和TableC 中的行并消除所有重复行而派生出一个结果表(select a from tableA ) except (select a from tableB) except (select a from tableC)17、说明:随机取出10条数据select top 10 * from tablename order by newid()18、说明:随机选择记录select newid()19、说明:删除重复记录1),delete from tablename where id not in (select max(id) from t
14、ablename group by col1,col2,.)2),select distinct * into temp from tablename delete from tablename insert into tablename select * from temp评价: 这种操作牵连大量的数据的移动,这种做法不适合大容量但数据操作3),例如:在一个外部表中导入数据,由于某些原因第一次只导入了一部分,但很难判断具体位置,这样只有在下一次全部导入,这样也就产生好多重复的字段,怎样删除重复字段alter table tablename-添加一个自增列add column_b int id
15、entity(1,1) delete from tablename where column_b not in(select max(column_b) from tablename group by column1,column2,.)alter table tablename drop column column_b20、说明:列出数据库里所有的表名select name from sysobjects where type=U / U代表用户21、说明:列出表里的所有的列名select name from syscolumns where id=object_id(TableName)2
16、2、说明:列示type、vender、pcs字段,以type字段排列,case可以方便地实现多重选择,类似select 中的case。select type,sum(case vender when A then pcs else 0 end),sum(case vender when CB then pcs else 0 end) FROM tablename group by type显示结果:type vender pcs电脑 A 1光盘 B 2光盘 A 2手机 B 3手机 C 323、说明:初始化表table1TRUNCATE TABLE table124、说明:选择从10到15的记录
17、select top 5 * from (select top 15 * from table order by id asc) table_别名 order by id desc三、技巧1、1=1,1=2的使用,在SQL语句组合时用的较多“where 1=1” 是表示选择全部 “where 1=2”全部不选,如:if strWhere !=beginset strSQL = select count(*) as Total from + tblName + where + strWhere endelse end 我们可以直接写成错误!未找到目录项。 where 1=1 安定 + strWh
18、ere 2、收缩数据库-重建索引DBCC REINDEXDBCC INDEXDEFRAG-收缩数据和日志DBCC SHRINKDBDBCC SHRINKFILE3、压缩数据库dbcc shrinkdatabase(dbname)4、转移数据库给新用户以已存在用户权限exec sp_change_users_login update_one,newnameoldnamego5、检查备份集RESTORE VERIFYONLY from disk=E:dvbbs.bak6、修复数据库ALTER DATABASE dvbbs SET SINGLE_USERGODBCC CHECKDB(dvbbs,re
19、pair_allow_data_loss) WITH TABLOCKALTER DATABASE dvbbs SET MULTI_USER7、日志清除SET NOCOUNT ONDECLARE LogicalFileName sysname, MaxMinutes INT, NewSize INTUSE tablename - 要操作的数据库名SELECT LogicalFileName = tablename_log, - 日志文件名MaxMinutes = 10, - Limit on time allowed to wrap log. NewSize = 1 - 你想设定的日志文件的大小
20、(M)Setup / initializeDECLARE OriginalSize intSELECT OriginalSize = size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = LogicalFileNameSELECT Original Size of + db_name() + LOG is + CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),OriginalSize) + 8K pages or CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(OriginalSize*8/1024) + MBCREATE TABLE DummyTrans (DummyColumn char (80
21、00) not null)DECLARE Counter INT, StartTime DATETIME, TruncLog VARCHAR(255)SELECT StartTime = GETDATE(), TruncLog = BACKUP LOG WITH TRUNCATE_ONLYDBCC SHRINKFILE (LogicalFileName, NewSize)EXEC (TruncLog)- Wrap the log if necessary.WHILE MaxMinutes DATEDIFF (mi, StartTime, GETDATE() - time has not exp
22、ired AND OriginalSize = (SELECT size FROM sysfiles WHERE name = LogicalFileName) AND (OriginalSize * 8 /1024) NewSize BEGIN - Outer loop.SELECT Counter = 0 WHILE (Counter OriginalSize / 16) AND (Counter 50000) BEGIN - update INSERT DummyTrans VALUES (Fill Log) DELETE DummyTrans SELECT Counter = Coun
23、ter + 1 END EXEC (TruncLog)Final Size of + CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),size) + CONVERT(VARCHAR(30),(size*8/1024) + FROM sysfiles DROP TABLE DummyTransSET NOCOUNT OFF 更改某个表exec sp_changeobjectowner tablenamedbo9、存储更改全部表CREATE PROCEDURE dbo.User_ChangeObjectOwnerBatchOldOwner as NVARCHAR(128),NewOwner as NVAR
24、CHAR(128)ASDECLARE Name as NVARCHAR(128)DECLARE OwnerDECLARE OwnerNameDECLARE curObject CURSOR FOR select Name = name, Owner = user_name(uid)from sysobjectswhere user_name(uid)=OldOwnerorder by nameOPEN curObjectFETCH NEXT FROM curObject INTO Name, OwnerWHILE(FETCH_STATUS=0)BEGINif Owner=OldOwner se
25、t OwnerName = OldOwner + . + rtrim(Name) exec sp_changeobjectowner OwnerName, NewOwner- select name,NewOwner,OldOwnerENDclose curObjectdeallocate curObject10、SQL SERVER中直接循环写入数据declare i intset i=1while i30 insert into test (userid) values(i) set i=i+1案例:有如下表,要求就裱中所有沒有及格的成績,在每次增長0.1的基礎上,使他們剛好及格: Nam
26、e score Zhangshan 80 Lishi 59 Wangwu 50 Songquan 69while(select min(score) from tb_table)60)update tb_table set score =score*1.01 where score break else continue数据开发-经典1.按姓氏笔画排序:Select * From TableName Order By CustomerName Collate Chinese_PRC_Stroke_ci_as /从少到多2.数据库加密:select encrypt(原始密码select pwdencrypt(select pwdcompare(加密后密码) = 1-相同;否则不相同 e
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