1、p, lbcohsSn) #9种类型 plot(speed, dist, type=i, main = paste(type = , i, , sep = ) # 为双引号detach() #取消连接数据集4.2dfdata.frame(Age=c(13,13,14,12,12,15,11,15,14,14,14,15,12,13,12,16,12,11,15), Height=c(144,166,163,143,152,169,130,159,160,175,161,170,146,159,150,183,165,146,169), Weight=c(38.1,44.5,40.8,34.9,
2、38.3,50.8,22.9,51.0,46.5,51.0,46.5,60.3,37.7,38.1,45.1,68.0,58.1,38.6,50.8) #数据框pairs(df) #多组图pairs( Age + Height + Weight, data=df) #与上述结果相4.3coplot(WeightHeight|Age, data=df) #年龄条件下的协同图4.4点图VADeaths #Virginia州在1940年的人口死亡率数据(R自带)me1- apply(VADeaths, 1, mean) #矩阵的行向量的均值me2- apply(VADeaths, 2, mean)
3、#矩阵的列向量的均值dotchart(VADeaths, gdata=me2, gpch=19, #按类型分类 main = Death Rates in Virginia - 1940)dotchart(t(VADeaths), gdata=me1, gpch=19, #按年龄分类4.5饼图pie.sales-c(39, 200, 42, 15, 67, 276, 27, 66);names(pie.sales)-c(EUL,PESEFAEDDELDREPPUNEother) #各候选人的得票结果# figure1,默认色彩,逆时针pie(pie.sales,radius = 0.9,mai
4、n =Ordinary chart# figure2,彩虹色彩,顺时针pie(pie.sales,radius=0.9,col=rainbow(8),clockwise =TRUE,main=Rainbow colours# figure3,灰度色彩,顺时针pie(pie.sales,radius =0.9,clockwise =TRUE,col =gray(seq(0.4,1.0,length=8),main=Grey colours# figure4,阴影色彩,逆时针pie(pie.sales,radius=0.9,density=10,angle=15+15*1:8,main=The d
5、ensity of shading lines4.6条形图par(mai=c(0.9, 0.9, 0.3, 0.3) #定义图像边距# figure1, 添加一条线rbarplot(pie.sales,space=1,col=rainbow(8);lines(r,pie.sales,type=h,col=1,lwd=2)# figure2,用text()添加平均值mp - barplot(VADeaths);tot-colMeans(VADeaths); text(mp, tot+ 3, format(tot), xpd = TRUE, col = blue) # figure3, 添加条形的
6、颜色barplot(VADeaths, space = 0.5, col = c(lightbluemistyroselightcyanlavendercornsilk)# figure4, 条形平行排列barplot(VADeaths, beside = TRUE, col = c(), legend = rownames(VADeaths),ylim = c(0, 100)4.7直方图par(mai=c(0.9, 0.9, 0.6, 0.3) #图形边距attach(df) #连接数据框# figure1,增加直方图和外框的颜色,以及相应的频数hist(Height, col=, bord
7、er=red, labels = TRUE, ylim=c(0, 7.2)# figure2,使用线条阴影并利用text()标出频数,用lines()绘出数据的密度曲线(蓝色)和正态分布密度曲线(红色)-hist(Height,breaks=12,freq=FALSE,density=10,angle = 15+30*1:6);text(r$mids, 0, r$counts, adj=c(.5, -.5),cex=1.2 );lines(density(Height),col=,lwd=2);x-seq(from=130, to=190, by=0.5);lines(x, dnorm(x,m
8、ean(Height), sd(Height), col=, lwd=2)detach() #取消连接数据框4.8箱线图(1)c(25,45,50,54,55,61,64,68,72,75,75,78,79,81,83,84,84,84,85,86,86,86,87,89,89,89,90,91,91,92,100)fivenum(x) #上、下四分位数,中位数, 最大和最小值boxplot(x) #绘制箱线图(2)InsectSprays #数据框,其中count为昆虫数目,spray为杀虫剂的类型boxplot(countspray,data =InsectSprays,col=light
9、gray#矩形箱线图boxplot(countspray,data=InsectSprays,notch=TRUE,col=2:7,add=TRUE)4.9 QQ图-data.frame(Age=c(13,13,14,12,12,15,11,15,14,14,14,15,12,13,12,16,12,11,15),Height=c(144,166,163,143,152,169,130,159,160,175,161,170,146,159,150,183,165,146,169),Weight=c(38.1,44.5,40.8,34.9,38.3,50.8,22.9,51.0,46.5,51
10、.0,46.5,60.3,37.7,38.1,45.1,68.0,58.1,38.6,50.8) #数据框par(mai=c(0.9, 0.9, 0.6, 0.3)attach(df)qqnorm(Weight) #数据的正态Q-Q图qqline(Weight) #在Q-Q图上增加一条理论直线y =x +qqnorm(Height)qqline(Height)detach()4.10 三维透视图perspy - x - seq(-7.5, 7.5, by = 0.5) #定义域f-function(x,y)r-sqrt(x2+y2) + 2-52 #加上一个很小的量2-52是为了避免在下一行运
11、算时分母为零z-sin(r)/r;-outer(x,y,f) #对f作外积运算形成网格par(mai=c(0.0,0.2,0.0,0.1) #图像边距persp(x,y,z,theta=30,phi=15,expand=.7,col=,xlab=X,ylab=Y,zlab=Z) #绘制三维图4.11 等值线contoury-x - seq(-3, 3, by = 0.125) #定义域-function(x,y)z-3*(1-x)2*exp(-x2-(y+1)2)-10*(x/5-x3-y5)*exp(-x2-y2)-1/3*exp(-(x+1)2 -y2);z - outer(x, y, f
12、) #对函数f作外积运算形成网格par(mai=c(0.8, 0.8, 0.2, 0.2) #图像边距contour(x,y,z,levels=seq(-6.5,8,by=0.75),xlab=,col=) #绘制等值线4.12 添加点、线、文字或符号data(iris) #调用数据op-par(mai=c(1,1,0.3,0.3),cex=1.1) #定义图形参数-iris$Petal.Length;-iris$Petal.Widthplot(x,y,type=Petal LengthPetal Width,cex.lab=1.3)Speciessetosaversicolorvirginicapch-c(24,22,25) #图中点的形状for(i in 1:3)index-iris$Sp
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