高中化学全套化学公式大全Word文件下载.docx

1、ClF+H2O=HF+HClO=）3F2（过量）+Cl2=2ClF3=（ClF3+3H2O=3HF+HClO3=）Cl2+H2=2HCl=（将H2在Cl2点燃;混合点燃、加热、光照发生爆炸）3Cl2+2P=2PCl3=Cl2+PCl3=PCl5=Cl2+2Na=2NaCl3Cl2+2Fe=2FeCl3=Cl2+Cu=CuCl2Cl2+2FeCl2=2FeCl3=（在水溶液中：Cl2+2Fe2+=2Fe3+3Cl=）Cl2+2NaBr=2NaCl+Br2=Cl2+2Br=2Cl=+Br2Cl2+2KI=2KCl+I2=Cl2+2I=2Cl=+I23Cl2（过量）+2KI+3H2O=6HCl+KI

2、O33Cl2+I+3H2O=6H+6Cl+IO35Cl2+I2+6H2O=2HIO3+10HCl5Cl2+I2+6H2O=10Cl+IO3+12H+Cl2+Na2S=2NaCl+S=Cl2+S2=2Cl+SCl2+H2S=2HCl+S=（水溶液中：Cl2+H2S=2H+2Cl+SCl2+SO2+2H2O=H2SO4+2HClCl2+SO2+2H2O=4H+SO42+2ClCl2+H2O2=2HCl+O2=Cl2+H2O2=2H+Cl+O22O2+3Fe=Fe3O4=O2+K=KO2S+H2=H2S=2S+C=CS2=S+Zn=ZnSS+Fe=FeS=（既能由单质制取，又能由离子制取）S+2Cu

3、=Cu2S=（只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取）3S+2Al=Al2S3=（只能由单质制取，不能由离子制取）N2+3H2=2NH3=N2+3Mg=Mg3N2=N2+3Ca=Ca3N2N2+3Ba=Ba3N2=N2+6Na=2Na3N=N2+6K=2K3NN2+6Rb=2Rb3N=N2+2Al=2AlNP4+6H2=4PH3=P+3Na=Na3P=2P+3Zn=Zn3P2H2+2Li=2LiH2、还原性S+O2=SO2S+H2SO4（浓）=3SO2+2H2OS+6HNO3（浓）=H2SO4+6NO2+2H2OS+4H+6NO3-=6NO2+2H2O+H2SO43S+4HNO3（稀）=3SO2+4N

4、O+2H2O3S+4H+4=3SO2+4NO+2H2ON2+O2=2NO4P+5O2=P4O10（常写成P2O5）2P+3X2=2PX3（X表示F2，Cl2，Br2）PX3+X2=PX5P4+20HNO3（浓）=4H3PO4+20NO2+4H2OC+2F2=CF4C+2Cl2=CCl4C+O2（足量）=CO22C+O2（少量）=2COC+CO2=2COC+H2O=CO+H2（生成水煤气）2C+SiO2=Si+2CO（制得粗硅）Si（粗）+2Cl2=SiCl4（SiCl4+2H2=Si（纯）+4HCl）Si（粉）+O2=SiO2Si+C=SiC（金刚砂）Si+2NaOH+H2O=Na2SiO3+

5、2H2=（Si+2OH=+H2O=+2H2）3、歧化反应Cl2+H2O=HCl+HClO（加碱或光照促进歧化：=（Cl2+H2O=H+Cl+HClO）Cl2+2NaOH=NaCl+NaClO+H2O=（Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2O）Cl2+2Ca（OH）2=CaCl2+Ca（ClO）2+2H2O=（Cl2+2OH=Cl+ClO+H2O）3Cl2+6KOH（浓）=5KCl+KClO3+3H2O=（3Cl2+6OH=5Cl+ClO3+3H2O）3S+6NaOH=2Na2S+Na2SO3+3H2O=（3S+6OH=2S2+SO32+3H2O）4P+3KOH（浓）+3H2O=PH3+3KH2P

6、O2=（4P+3OH+3H2O=PH3+3H2PO2）11P+15CuSO4+24H2O=5Cu3P+6H3PO4+15H2SO43C+CaO=CaC2+CO3C+SiO2=SiC+2CO二.金属单质（Na,Mg,Al,Fe,Cu）的还原性2Na+H2=2NaH=4Na+O2=2Na2O=2Na2O+O2=2Na2O22Na+O2=Na2O2=2Na+S=Na2S（爆炸）2Na+2H2O=2NaOH+H2=2Na+2H2O=2Na+2OH+H22Na+2NH3=2NaNH2+H2=2Na+2NH3=2Na+2NH2+H24Na+TiCl4=4NaCl+Ti=Mg+Cl2=MgCl2=Mg+Br

7、2=MgBr22Mg+O2=2MgO=Mg+S=MgS2Cu+S=Cu2S=（Cu2S只能由单质制备）Mg+2H2O=Mg（OH）2+H22Mg+TiCl4=Ti+2MgCl2=Mg+2RbCl=MgCl2+2Rb2Mg+CO2=2MgO+C=2Mg+SiO2=2MgO+SiMg+H2S=MgS+H2Mg+H2SO4=MgSO4+H2=（Mg+2H+=Mg2+H2）2Al+3Cl2=2AlCl34Al+3O2=2Al2O3=（常温生成致密氧化膜而钝化，在氧气中燃烧）4Al（Hg）+3O2+2xH2O=2（Al2O3.xH2O）+4Hg（铝汞齐）4Al+3MnO2=2Al2O3+3Mn=2Al+

8、Cr2O3=Al2O3+2Cr=（铝热反应）2Al+Fe2O3=Al2O3+2Fe=2Al+3FeO=Al2O3+3Fe2Al+6HCl=2AlCl3+3H2=2Al+6H+=2Al3+3H22Al+3H2SO4=Al2（SO4）3+3H2=2Al+6H+=2Al3+3H22Al+6H2SO4（浓）=Al2（SO4）3+3SO2+6H2O=（Al,Fe在冷,浓的H2SO4,HNO3中钝化）Al+4HNO3（稀）=Al（NO3）3+NO+2H2O=Al+4H+NO3=Al3+NO+2H2O2Al+2NaOH+2H2O=2NaAlO2+3H2=2Al+2OH+2H2O=2AlO2+3H22Fe+3

9、Br2=2FeBr3=3Fe+2O2=Fe3O4=2Fe+O2=2FeO=（炼钢过程）Fe+I2=FeI2Fe+S=FeS=（FeS既能由单质制备，又能由离子制备）3Fe+4H2O（g）=Fe3O4+4H2Fe+2HCl=FeCl2+H2=Fe+2H+=Fe2+H2Fe+CuCl2=FeCl2+Cu=Fe+Cu2+=Fe2+CuFe+SnCl4=FeCl2+SnCl2（铁在酸性环境下,不能把四氯化锡还原为单质锡Fe+SnCl2=FeCl2+Sn=Fe+Sn2+=Fe2+Sn三.非金属氢化物（HF,HCl,H2O,H2S,NH3）=金属氢化物（NaH）1、还原性:4HCl（浓）+MnO2=MnC

10、l2+Cl2+2H2O4H+2Cl+MnO2=Mn2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl（浓）+PbO2=PbCl2+Cl2+2H2O4H+2Cl+PbO2=Pb2+Cl2+2H2O4HCl（g）+O2=2Cl2+2H2O16HCl+2KMnO4=2KCl+2MnCl2+5Cl2+8H2O16=H+10Cl-+2MnO4=2Mn2+5Cl2+8H2O6HCl+KClO3=KCl+3Cl2+3H2O6H+5Cl+ClO3=3Cl2+3H2O14HCl+K2Cr2O7=2KCl+2CrCl3+3Cl2+7H2O14H+6Cl+Cr2O72=2Cr3+5Cl2+7H2O2H2O+2F2=4HF+O22HCl+

11、F2=2HF+Cl2=（F2气与HCl、HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存）2HBr+Cl2=2HCl+Br2=（Cl2气与HBr、HI、H2S、NH3气体不能共存）2H2S+3O2（足量）=2SO2+2H2O=2H2S+O2（少量）=2S+2H2O2H2S+SO2=3S+2H2O=H2S+H2SO4（浓）=S+SO2+2H2O3H2S+2HNO3（稀）=3S+2NO+4H2O3H2S+2H+2NO3=3S+2NO+4H2O5H2S+2KMnO4+3H2SO4=2MnSO4+K2SO4+5S+8H2O5H2S+2MnO4+6H+=2Mn2+5S+8H2O3H2S+K2Cr2O7+4H2S

12、O4=Cr2（SO4）3+K2SO4+3S+7H2O3H2S+Cr2O72+8H+=2Cr3+3S+7H2OH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=Na2SO4+6NaOHH2S+4Na2O2+2H2O=8Na+=+2NH3+3CuO=3Cu+N2+3H2O2NH3+3Cl2=N2+6HCl=8NH3+3Cl2=N2+6NH4ClNH3+NaNO2+HCl=NaCl+N2+2H2ONH3+NO2+H+=N2+2H2O4NH3+3O2（纯氧）=2N2+6H2O=4NH3+5O2=4NO+6H2O4NH3+6NO=5N2+6H2O=（用氨清除NO）NaH+H2O=NaOH+H2=（生氢剂）NaH+H2O=

13、Na+OH+H24NaH+TiCl4=Ti+4NaCl+2H2=CaH2+2H2O=Ca（OH）2+2H22、酸性:4HF+SiO2=SiF4+2H2O（可测定矿样或钢样中SiO2的含量，玻璃雕刻）4HF+Si=SiF4+2H22HF+CaCl2=CaF2+2HCl=H2S+Fe=FeS+H2H2S+CuCl2=CuS+2HCl=（弱酸制强酸的典型反应）H2S+Cu2+=CuS+2H+H2S+2AgNO3=Ag2S+2HNO3H2S+2Ag+=Ag2S+2H+H2S+HgCl2=HgS+2HClH2S+Hg2+=HgS+2H+H2S+Pb（NO3）2=PbS+2HNO3=（铅试纸检验空气中H2S）H2S+Pb2+=PbS+2H+H2S+2Ag=Ag2S+H2（银器在空气中变黑的原因）2NH3（液）+2Na=2NaNH2+H2=（NaNH2+H2O=NaOH+NH3）3、NH3的碱