1、Government Safety Net11-4联邦存款保险公司1.偿付法(Payoff method)处理破产银行2.收购和接管法(Purchase and assumption method)政府存款保险制度在世界范围内的普及:这是好事吗?安全网的一种具体形式是存款保险制度11-5Asymmetric Information and Bank Regulation:Government Safety NetBank panics and the need for deposit insurance:Bank failure(in which a bank is unable to mee
2、t its obligations to pay its depositors and other creditors and so must go out of business)FDIC:short circuits bank failures and contagion effect.Payoff method.Purchase and assumption method(typically more costly for the FDIC).Other form of government safety net:Lending from the central bank to trou
3、bled institutions(lender of last resort).11-6Government Safety NetMoral HazardDepositors do not impose discipline of marketplace.Financial institutions have an incentive to take on greater risk.Adverse SelectionRisk-lovers find banking attractive.Depositors have little reason to monitor financial in
4、stitutions.11-7Government Safety Net:Too Big to FailGovernment provides guarantees of repayment to large uninsured creditors of the largest financial institutions even when they are not entitled to this guaranteeUses the purchase and assumption methodIncreases moral hazard incentives for big banks11
5、-8太大而不能倒闭太大而不能倒闭由政府安全网和防止金融机构破产的意愿所产生的道德风险问题,使金融监管者陷入进退两难的困境。增强了大银行的道德风险动机,大银行冒更大的风险,从而加大了其发生倒闭的可能性政府向那些最大银行中没有投保的大额债权人提供还款保证提高了那些在政府安全网保护下的非银行金融机构的道德风险动力结果:大型和相互关联的金融机构更加愿意从事高风险的业务活动,加大了金融危机爆发的可能性。Government Safety Net:Too Big to Fail11-9Government Safety Net:Financial ConsolidationLarger and more
6、complex financial organizations challenge regulationIncreased“too big to fail”problemExtends safety net to new activities,increasing incentives for risk taking in these areas(as has occurred during the subprime financial crisis in 2007-2008).11-10Restrictions on Asset HoldingsAttempts to restrict fi
7、nancial institutions from too much risk takingBank regulationsPromote diversificationProhibit holdings of common stockCapital requirementsMinimum leverage ratio(for banks)Basel Accord:risk-based capital requirementsRegulatory arbitrage11-11巴塞巴塞尔尔协议协议巴塞尔协议是国际清算银行(BIS)的巴塞尔银行业条例和监督委员会的常设委员会“巴塞尔委员会”于198
8、8年7月在瑞士的巴塞尔通过的“关于统一国际银行的资本计算和资本标准的协议”的简称。该协议第一次建立了一套完整的国际通用的、以加权方式衡量表内与表外风险的资本充足率标准,有效地扼制了与债务危机有关的国际风险。11-12巴塞巴塞尔尔协议协议III商业银行的核心资本充足率将由目前的4%上调到6%核心资本充足率的要求可达到8.5%-11%总资本充足率要求仍维持8%不变还引入杠杆比率、流动杠杆比率和净稳定资金来源比率的要求,以降低银行系统的流动性风险加强抵御金融风险的能力新协议将普通股权益/风险资产比率的要求由原来的2%提高到4.5%核心资本充足率的要求也由4%提高到6%加上2.5%的防护缓冲资本,核心
9、资本充足率的要求达到8.5%。11-13资本=核心资本+附属资本(资本-资本扣除项)(风险加权资产+市场风险资本12.5%)资本对存款的比率、资本对存款的比率、资本对负债的比率、资本对负债的比率、资本对总资产的比率、资本对总资产的比率、资本对风险资产的比率等资本对风险资产的比率等 扣除:扣除:(1 1)购买外汇资本金支出;)购买外汇资本金支出;(2 2)不合并列帐的银行和财务附属公司资)不合并列帐的银行和财务附属公司资本中的投资;本中的投资;(3 3)在其他银行和金融机构资本中的投资;)在其他银行和金融机构资本中的投资;(4 4)呆帐损失尚未冲销的部分。)呆帐损失尚未冲销的部分。资本充足率 =
10、11-14商商业银业银行行资资本管理本管理办办法法商业银行资本管理办法(试行)经中国银监会第115次主席会议通过,2012年6月7日中国银行业监督管理委员会令2012年第1号公布。该办法分总则、资本充足率计算和监管要求、资本定义、信用风险加权资产计量、市场风险加权资产计量、操作风险加权资产计量、商业银行内部资本充足评估程序、监督检查、信息披露、附则10章180条,自2013年1月1日起施行。11-15金融危机以来,巴塞尔银行监管委员会积极推进国际金融监管体系改革,并出台了第三版巴塞尔协议(巴塞尔III),确立了银行业资本和流动性监管的新标准,要求各成员国从2013年开始实施,2019年前全面达
11、标。在此背景下,中国银监会于2012年6月7日发布了新的商业银行资本管理办法(试行)(以下简称“新办法”),此办法将于2013年1月1日起实施。此办法中对资本定义更加严格,并扩大了风险资本的覆盖范围,对于增强银行体系稳健性、引导银行转变发展方式以及促进实体经济信贷都将起到积极作用 11-16Prompt Corrective ActionThere are two serious problems.1.The bank is more likely to fail because it has a smaller capital cushion if it suffers loan losse
12、s or other asset write-downs.2.With less capital,a financial institution has less skin in the game and is therefore more likely to take on excessive risks.资本充裕资本充足资本不足资本严重不足资本极度不足34512纠正行动关闭银行11-17Financial Supervision:Chartering and ExaminationChartering 注册(screening of proposals to open new financ
13、ial institutions)to prevent adverse selection Examinations(scheduled and unscheduled)to monitor capital requirements and restrictions on asset holding to prevent moral hazardCapital adequacy Asset qualityManagementEarningsLiquiditySensitivity to market risk CAMELS ratingFiling periodic call reports1
14、1-18Assessment of Risk ManagementGreater emphasis on evaluating soundness of management processes for controlling riskTrading Activities Manual of 1994 for risk management rating based onQuality of oversight providedAdequacy of policies and limits for all risky activities Quality of the risk measurement and monitoring systemsAdequacy of internal controlsInterest-rate risk limitsInternal policies and proceduresInternal management and monitoringImplementation of stress testing
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