新托福测试题Word文件下载.docx

1、They needed a use for the ice that formed on lakes and rivers.They wanted to expand the production of certain industries.2.The word perishable in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning tocapable of spoilinguncookedof animal originhighly nutritious3.What can be inferred from paragraph 1 about cold storage

2、 before the invention of artificial refrigeration?It kept food cold for only about a week.It was dependent on a source of ice or snow.It required a container made of metal or wood.It was not a safe method of preserving meat.4.Artificial refrigeration involves all of the following processes EXCEPTthe

3、 pumping of water vapor through a pipethe rapid expansion of certain gasesthe evaporation of a volatile liquidthe transfer of heat from one place to another5.Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 2? Incorrect choices change the meaning

4、 in important ways or leave out essential information.It takes a lot of energy to transform a liquid into a vapor, especially when the vapor loses heat.Some gases expand rapidly and give off energy when they encounter a very cold THE DEVELOPMENT OF REFRIGERATIONCold storage, or refrigeration, is kee

5、ping food at temperatures between 32 and 45 degrees F in order to delay the growth of microorganismsbacteria, molds, and veastthat cause food to spoil. Refrigeration produces few changes in food, so meats, fish, eggs, milk, fruits, and vegetables keep their original flavor, color, and nutrition. Bef

6、ore artificial refrigeration was invented, people stored perishable food with ice or snow to lengthen its storage time. Preserving food by keeping it in an icefilled pit is a 4,000-year-old art. Cold storage areas were built in basements, cellars, or caves, lined with wood or straw, and packed with

7、ice. The ice was transported from mountains, or harvested from local lakes or rivers, and delivered in large blocks to homes and businesses.Artificial refrigeration is the process of removing heat from a substance, container, or enclosed area, to lower its temperature. The heat is moved from the ins

8、ide of the container to the outside. A refrigerator uses the evaporation of a volatile liquid, or refrigerant, to absorb heat. In most types of refrigerators, the refrigerant is compressed, pumped through a pipe, and allowed to vaporize. As the liquid turns to vapor, it loses heat and gets colder be

9、cause the molecules of vapor use energy to leave the liquid. The molecules left behind have less energy and so the liquid becomes colder. Thus, the air inside the refrigerator is chilled.Scientists and inventors from around the world developed artificial refrigeration during the eighteenth and ninet

10、eenth centuries. William Cullen demonstrated artificial refrigeration in Scotland in l748, when he let ethyl ether boil into a partial vacuum. In l805, American inventor Oliver Evans designed the first refrigeration machine that used vapor instead of liquid. In l842, physician John Gorrie used Evans

11、s design to create an air-cooling apparatus to treat yellowfever patients in a Florida hospital. Gorrie later left his medical practice andliquid.When kinetic energy is changed to heat energy, liquid molecules turn into vapor molecules.During evaporation, the vapor molecules use energy, and the liqu

12、id becomes colder.6.According to the passage, who was the first person to use artificial refrigeration for a practical purpose?William CullenOliver EvansJohn GorrieAdolphus Busch7.The word it in paragraph 3 refers toprinterrefrigeratortypeether8.Why does the author discuss the brewing industry in pa

13、ragraph 4?To compare cave storage with mechanical refrigerationTo describe the unique problems that brewers facedTo praise the accomplishments of a prominent brewerTo show how refrigeration changed a whole industry9.The word constrained in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning torestrictedspoiledimprove

14、dalternated10.According to the passage, the first refrigerated railcar used what material as a cooling agent?EtherIceAmmoniaCFCs11.The word toxic in paragraph 5 is closest in meaning toexperimented with ice making, and in l85l he was granted the first U.S. patent for mechanical refrigeration. In the same year, an Australian printer, James Harrison, built an ether refrigerator after noticing that when he cleaned his type with ether it became very cold as the ether evaporated. Five years later, Harrison introduced vapor-compression refrigeration t