不定式和动名词Word格式.docx

1、进行式（not） to be making完成进行式（not） to have been making1不定式的用法1）作主语。不定式短语作主语时，往往放在谓语之后，用it作形式主语。如：To see is to believe. It is right to give up smoking. 2）作宾语。不定式短语作宾语时，如果还带有宾语补足语，往往把不定式宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语。He wanted to go. I find it interesting to study history. 有些动词后只能用动词不定式作宾语。decide，plan，desire，expe

2、ct，hope, wish，pretend，promise，refuse，afford，agree，ask，fail，tend，pretend，manage3）作宾语补足语。He asked me to do the work with him. 注意：在feel，hear，notice，observe，see，watch，have，let，make等词后的补足语中，不定式不带to。但这些句子如果变成被动结构时，就必须带to。I often hear him sing the song. He is often heard to sing the song. （注意：动词不定式在介词but后面

3、时，如果介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式，那么，这些介词后的不定式不带to，否则要带to。另外，在cant choose but和cant help but等后面的不定式也省略to。）如：She could do nothing but cry. I have no choice but to go. 4）作定语。I have some books for you to read. 作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。He is looking for a room to live in. There is noth

4、ing to worry about. Please give me a knife to cut with. 当作定语的不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可以用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但其含义有所不同。试比较：Have you anything to send ?（你有什么东西要寄吗？不定式to send的动作执行者是“你”）Have you anything to be sent?你有什么要（我或别人）寄的东西吗？不定式to be sent的动作执行者是“我”或“别人”5）作状语，表示目的、原因、结果或条件。I came here to see you. （目的）W

5、e were very excited to hear the news. （原因）He hurried to the school to find nobody there. （结果）To look at him, you would like him. （条件）目的状语还可以用in order to或so as to来表示，In order to pass the exam, he worked very hard. We ran all the way so as not to be late. （so as to不能置于句首）I am very glad to hear it. The

6、 question is difficult to answer. He is too old to do that. （“too + 形容词或副词 + 不定式”作状语。）The room is big enough to hold us.6）作表语。 My job is to help the patient. 7）作独立成分。To tell the truth, I dont agree with you. 8）不定式与疑问词who，which，when，where，how，what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。He didnt know what to say. （

7、宾语）How to solve the problem is very important. （主语）在与why连用时，只用于why或why not开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。例如：Why not have a rest ?9）1. 不定式的语态。不定式修饰的名词或代词和不定式逻辑上构成主谓关系时，不定式往往用主动形式。Have you got a key to unlock the door ?（A key unlocks the door. ）不定式和它前面被修饰的名词或代词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和该句主语构成逻辑上的主谓关系时，不定式常用主动形式。I have g

8、ot a letter to write. （I write letter. ）He needs a room to live in. （He lives in a room. ）I know what to do. （I do what. ）但这句如改为下列形式，不定式就得用被动形式：I know what is to be done. 这是因为what is to be done是宾语从句，从句中的主语what是动词do的动作对象。不定式作表语形容词的状语，和句中主语构成逻辑上的动宾关系时，不定式多用主动形式，这是因为人们往往认为形容词后省去了for sb. 。He is hard to

9、talk to. （to talk to him）The book is difficult to understand. （to understand the book）在there be结构中，当说话人考虑的是必须有人去完成某件事时，不定式用主动形式；如果说话人强调的事情本身必须完成，则用被动形式。There is a lot of work to do. （Somebody has to do the work. ）There is a lot of work to be done. （The work has to be done. ）请注意下面两个句子的含义是不同的：There is

10、 nothing to do. （无事可做，感到十分乏味。There is nothing to be done. （某东西坏了，无法使之恢复正常。2不定式的时态1）不定式的一般形式所表示的动作，通常与谓语的动作（状态）同时（或几乎同时）发生，或是在它之后发生。I saw him go out. 2）如果谓语表示的动作（情况）发生时，不定式表示的动作正在进行，这时不定式就要用进行式。He pretended to be reading a book when she went in. 3）如果不定式的动作发生在谓语动词之前，就要用完成式。Im sorry to have kept you wa

11、iting. 3不定式符号to的保留问题有时为了避免重复，可以用to来代替前面的不定式，这种情况常出现下列动词后：expect，prefer，care，mean，forget，want，wish，hope，try以及be glad/happy等后。如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be，have，have been，这些词要保留。Are you on holidays ?No, but Id like to be. I didnt tell him the news. Oh, you ought to have. 动 名 词动名词是一种非谓语动词形式。非谓语动词指的是在句中起名词，形容词或副词作用的

12、动词形式，而不是作谓语的动词形式。动名词是由动词原形 + ing 构成，同现在分词形式一样，在句中可作主语， 宾语，表语和定语。以动词write为例，主动式 被动式一般 writing being written 完成having writtenhaving been written1动名词在句中的作用动名词由动词原形+ing 构成，同现在分词形式一样，在句中可作主语， 宾语，表语，定语。1） 动名词作主语： Talking like that is not polite. Its no use waiting here, lets go home. 2） 动名词作表语 The nurses

13、job is looking after the patients. 3） 动名词作宾语 有些动词须用动名词来作宾语,它们是begin, mind, suggest, finish, stop, need, enjoy, miss, keep. Please stop smoking in the house. 4）动名词作定语 She is studying in the reading room. （注意：动名词的否定形式：not + 动名词 ）We considered not doing it now. 2。动名词的时态动名词的一般时表示动作与句中谓语动词的动作同时发生，或在谓语动词的

14、动作之后发生。I enjoy swimming in the big river. 动名词的完成时 动名词的完成时表示动作在谓语动词动作之前发生。She regret not having studied the computer hard. 3。动名词的被动形式 ：当动名词和它的逻辑主语是被动关系时，用动名词的被动形式来表示。His being looked down upon made him sick. I cant really stand being treated like that. 4动名词的几个特殊情况：1） 有些动词的后面能跟动名词做宾语，有些动词能跟不定式，有些两者都可以， 它们的具体含义有时还不一样。能跟动名词的动词有：avoid,consider, delay, deny, dislike, endure, enjoy, escape, forgive, finish, imagine, keep, mind, miss, pardon, prevent, resist, suggest, understand, cant help, 等。