1、or, either or,如: Hurry up, or you will be late for school 表示因果关系的并列连词有: for, so 如: They studied very hard, so they all passed the exam 在初中范围复合句中主要有状语从句和宾语从句(名词性从句)两种,而定语从句(形容词性从句)要在高中讲述,为了使同学阅读文章方便,我们将在下面另一章予以介绍。我们首先来看宾语从句。在及物动词的后面可以接一个名词来充当宾语,如: I knew the man, 而这时也可以用一个句子来充当宾语,如: I knew that he wa
2、s a good man 这时宾语从句的连接词有 that, (that 只在从句中起联接作用,不在句中充当语法成分,既不是主语也不是宾语,所以在口语中常常被省略。如: I am sure (that) she has passed the exam if, whether 它们在宾语从句中只起连接作用,不起语法作用,当作是否讲。从句中有 or not 结构时,要用 whether, 如: I ask him if (whether) he has had his lunch I asks him whether he has had his lunch or not what 它在宾语从句中
3、除了作连接词外,还要作主语或宾语成份,如: I dont understand what you said (what 作 said 的宾语)。又如: I asked him what made him sick (what 在宾语从句中作主语)。who,它也和what一样,在句中除作连接词外,可以充当句中的成份,如:I know who she is looking for? whose 如: I want to know whose book this is? which 如: Do you know which book is mine? 在连接词中还有4个常用的连接副词,how 它的应
4、用最广,如: how much, how many, how long, how soon, how old 。 How much does it cost? when 它只是连接时间状语,如: Please tell me when the meeting will begin? where 它连接地点状语,如: Where are you from? why 它要连接的是原因状语从句,如: The teacher asked why Tom didnt come to school. 在考试中常见到的考点是: 宾语从句的时态与主句时态的呼应问题。主句谓语动词如果是现在时或将来时,宾语从句的
5、时态可以是任何所需要的时态, 如: I know he didnt come. 我知道他没来。 I know he will come tomorrow 我知道他明天来。I know he has gone to London 我知道他已去伦敦了。主句中的谓语动词若是过去时,宾语从句也要用过去时态中的某一种。比如: 一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时,过去完成时。除了在表达宇宙中的客观真理时,不能用现在时态。 I wanted to know when he would come The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun 状语从句主要
6、有时间状语从句,其连接词有:after, before, when, as, as soon as, until (till), while, since, by 其中较难掌握的有以下几点: until (till) 直到,在用 until 表达时间状语的句子中,主句中的动词是要十分小心去选择。如动词是持续性动词,它要用肯定句,如: I studied hard until 12 oclock last night. 如果动词是瞬间截止性动词,则要用否定句,如: He didnt go to bed until his mother came back 由 since, for, by, be
7、fore 来引导的时间状语从句。 since 引导的时间状语是动作的开始时间,如: I have studied English since 而由 by 引导的时间状语通常是动作的结束时间,如: I had learned 25 English songs by the end of last term 而before 则多用于完成时, ago 则多用于一般过去时,如: He had finished his work before twelve yesterday I left my hometown two years ago 在状语从句中用一般现在时或一般过去时表示将来。它们可能是主句用
8、一般将来时,从句用一般现在时,如: If it rains, they wont go to the parkon Sunday 也可以主句是一般过去时,从句用一般过去进行时,如: He said if it rained the next day he would not go to the park 考试中常见的考点有:要学生区别是条件、时间状语从句还是宾语从句,因在宾语从句中该用什么时态用什么时态,如: I want to know if he will come here tomorrow 在宾语从句中的条件状语从句与主句的关系,如: I want to know if it rain
9、s he will come here tomorrow 在原因状语从句中主要是because, 应译为因为。它表达的因果关系最强,如:t pass the exam because he didnt study hard since 应译为既然,如: Since you were ill yesterday I left some notes on your desk as 应译为由于 As it is too hot wed better go swimming since 与 as 所表达的因果关系远比 because 弱得多。而 for 表达的因果关系最弱。它不能用于句首,如: He
10、studies hard, for he wants to go to college 在比较状语从句中有同级比较 as as, 如: This book is as good as that one 要注意的有两点:as as 中间要用原级而不是比较级。用形容词还是副词,如: Mary writes as carefully as Tom 而其否定句为 not as (so) as, 如: They didnt work so hard as we did, 而不同级比较用比较级加 than, 如: He is younger than I am 要注意的是表示越来越这一概念时有两个句型:比
11、较级and比较级,如: The days are getting longer and longer The little girl is becoming more and more beautiful 定冠词 the 比较级 the 比较级,如: The harder you study, the more you can learn 方式状语中要注意的是as (连词)与 like (介词)的区别。 as 作为连词其后接从句,如: Please do it as I did it 但后面的句子常作省略,如: Please do it as I 而 like 是介词,其后要接的是宾语,如:
12、Please do it like me 结果和目的状语从句主要有 so that, so that, in order that等几种用法。so that 用在单数可数名词前,so 形容词 a 名词 that,如: She is so beautiful a girl that everyone likes her 或用 such a 形容词 名词 that, 如: She is such a beautiful girl that everyone likes her 在不可数名词或可数名词复数前只能用 such, 如: It is such good weather we want to
13、 go for a picnic 又如: They are such good players that they should win the game.在much, many, few, little 之前只能用so, 如: I have so little money that I cant buy it so that 之间只有形容词时,则不能用 such, 如: It is so good that I want to buy so that 其后接从句,如: I got up earlier so that I could catch the first bus 完形填空与阅读 (
14、一)知识概要 完形填空是一种在语意封闭的情况下考察学生阅读能力及掌握语言基础知识能力的综合性题目。 学生应根据语义完整、语法正确的原则进行通篇阅读。借助文章的现成文字,通过逻辑思维,联系上下文,推断出可能的答案。然后再从所给选择答案中逐空选出在通读全文时脑海中已出现的答案填入空内。试推想在小学五六年级时去读西游记,水浒传,你也并非每个字都认得,每句话都能真正理解。但你还是可以明了全文的意思,读得有滋有味。这就是语言能力。所以完形填空考查的就是你能否在缺字,不认得字、词语的情况下,能否全面理解文章的正确意思,然后选入适当的词语。在选择后还要前后彼此呼应反复验证所选答案。有时答案一时不易验证,不要急于顺序填写,可能在填出后面答案时,而得到前面的答案。有时则需运用所学的词法、句法、时态和固定搭配等知识对4个选项进行分析,比较、排除干扰项,确定正确的答案。 待答案全部选定后,一定要复读全文以验证:所选答案是否能使全文流畅,逻辑推理是否正确。具体实事是否成立,前后关系是否理顺。语法是否正确,其中包括时态的选择、词汇选择、固定搭配等。在通读全文时最好在可能的条件下将所选答案填入文章中,反复阅读。
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